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Immuno > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Four Types of Antigens

A

Immunogens
Haptens
Tolerogens
Mitogens

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2
Q

Immunogen

A

Immune Response Generator

  • target of response is immunogen
  • inc. responsiveness w/ exposure
  • PROTEINS mainly
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3
Q

Haptogens

A

Small molecules that can cause immune response IF linked to a carrier (cannot by self)
-Hapten ALONE maybe recognized after 1st exposure

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4
Q

Drugs are like haptogens bc?

A

They are too small to cause allergic reaction (NORMALLY)

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5
Q

Tolerogens

A

Immune Response Generator

  • target of response is tolerogen
  • Subsequent exposures have DEC. responsivness
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6
Q

Mitogen & Examples

A

Polyclonal Activators

  • induce non-spec. mitosis & diff.
  • T & B cells
  • EX: LPS act. B cells & induce macrophage CK prod.
  • EX: Superantigen (sAg) stabilize TCR:MHC interaction, causes CK storm = fever, rash, organ failure, shock
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7
Q

Epitope

A

Smallest unit of Ag recog. by receptors

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8
Q

Multivalent

Polyvalent

A
  • multiple copies of same epitope

- diff. epitopes (mitogens)

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9
Q

Confirmational Epitope

Linear Epitope

A
  • in native structure, recog. by AB, b cells, innate

- in denatured structure, recog. by T cells, AB, b cells, innate

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10
Q

Immunogenicity Small to Large based on valence

A

univalent, small AG, multivalent, polyvalent

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11
Q

Adjuvant

A

Enhances activity of substances its mixed with

-increases immunogenicity

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12
Q

Alum

A

Adjuvant

  • insoluble Al salts that prolong antigen persistence
  • used in VACCINES
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13
Q

MF59

A

Adjuvant

  • oil in water emulsion containing detergent
  • prolongs antigen persistence, solubilizes vaccine components
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14
Q

Pathogens generally have….

A

> 1 antigen, each with >1 epitope

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15
Q

Genetics alter immune response in individual…how? (3)

A
  • genes encoding MHC
  • genes encoding BCR/TCR segments
  • genes encoding CK/CKR
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16
Q

PRR Catagories

A

Signaling - membrane bound or cytoplasmic
Endocytic - bound to phagocyte membrane
Secreted - bind to pathogen surface, act. complement, act as opsonins to promote phagocytosis

17
Q

Types of Signaling PRRs

A

TLRs - toll like receptors
NLRs - NOD like recepetors (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain)
RLHs or RLRs - Rig-I-Like helicases - retinoic acid inducable gene 1

18
Q

TLR Characteristics

A
  • Membrane bound (cell surface OR endosomes)
  • homodimer
  • on cells of immune system
19
Q

NLR Characteristics

A
  • Cytoplasmic
  • NOD & NLRP subfamilies
  • in many cell types, including epithelial
20
Q

RLH / RLR Characteristics

A
  • Cytoplasmic

- in many cell types

21
Q

TLR detect antigens where and what?

A

Outside - bacteria, fungi

Endosomes - viral

22
Q

TLR activation steps of cell surface TLR

A
  • binding of PAMP = dimerization
  • interaction w/ adapter proteins
  • Kinase cascade
  • inactivation of IkB, activation of NFkB
  • transcript. of pro-inflam CK genes (IL1, IL6, TNF-a)

INFLAMMATION RESPONSE (effective against bacteria)

23
Q

TLR activation steps of endosomal TLR

A
  • binding
  • dimerization
  • interaction w/ adapter proteins
  • act. interferon regulatory factor (IRF)
  • transcrip. of anti-viral CK genes (IFN-a, IFN-B)-type 1 IFN

ANTI-VIRAL Response

24
Q

NLRs detect…

  • NOD
  • NLRP
A

cytoplasmic antigens

  • NOD = peptidoglycan (bacterial) components
  • NLRP = inflammasome form due to pathogen, cell damage, stress
25
Q

NOD Activation

A

Same as surface TLR

-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE (antibacterial)

26
Q

NLRP Activation

A

Monomer inactive in healthy

  • stress = dissociation of accessory proteins
  • dimerization = inflammasome form
  • CK processing for secretion
27
Q

RLHs Detect

A

Cytoplasmic viral RNA

  • RIG-I:ssRNA
  • MDA-5: dsRNA
28
Q

RLHs Activation

A
  • Recog. of virus in cytoplasm
  • Dimerization & assoc. w/ proteins attached to mito membrane
  • Act. of signalingn pathways for type 1 IFN & pro-inflamm. CK production (same as other PRR sig. pathways)
29
Q

Secreted PRRs Mech

A
  • secreted
  • bind to pathogen surface = phagocytosis or complement activation
  • Collectins bind carbs
  • C reactive protein (CRP) binds to phosphocholine

Immuno (5 decks)

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