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Biology of Plants: Exam 1 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Plant Growth

A
  • all flowering plants are either broadleaf plants (dicots) like the geranium or plants with grasslike leaves (monocots) like this Iris
    -Modular
    -Size and Shape plasticity
    -Stem= above ground axis
    -Leaf - solar collectors
    -Shoot= stem + leaves
    -Root
    -Node=Point of leaf or flower development
    Internode
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2
Q

Plasticity of Shape (leafless Plants?)

A

Cactuses (Opuntia) have small fleshy leaves 100-1000um long and spines

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3
Q

Plasiticty of shape (Stemless Plants?)

A

-Ghost orchid ( Polyradicion lindenii) are composed mainly of roots that photosynthesis

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4
Q

Plasticity of shape (Rootless Plants?)

A 
Tumble weed (Tillandsia stramina) are composed mainly of shoots
- has small root system
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5
Q

Cell theory for plants

A
  • Plants comprised of cells
  • Cells organized into tissue
  • Organs made up of 1 or more tissues
  • complex plant structures made up of more than 1 organ
  • Tissues organized into tissue system (ground tissue system, Vascular system, Dermal system)
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6
Q

Organs

A
  • made up of 1 or more tissues
  • Part of the cell theory applied to plants
  • examples of organs are: steam, root, and leaf
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7
Q

Complex plant structures

A
  • made up of more then 1 organ
  • Part of the cell theory applied to plants
  • examples of these are: bud, flower, branch, fruit, seeds
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8
Q

Tissues organized into tissue systems

A
  • Ground tissue system
  • Vascular system
  • Dermal system
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9
Q

Ground tissue system

A
  • Roots

- carries out photosynthesis, stores photosynthetic products, and helps support the plant

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10
Q

Vascular system

A
  • Stem
  • comprised of xylem and phloem
  • conducts water and solutes throughout the plant
  • water and nutrient movement throughout plant
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11
Q

Dermal system

A
  • Leaf

- the outer covering of the plant

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12
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • Cytoplasmic connections between plants cells

- Symplastic continuity

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13
Q

Parenchyma Cells

A

-Thin primary wall with ability to stretch and expand

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14
Q

Functions of Parenchyma cells

A
  • photosynthesis, storage, secretion

- ability to differentiate into other cell types

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15
Q

Collenchyma Cells

A
  • Flexible yet supportive tissue
  • Elongated cells with primary wall that are unevenly thickened
  • example: Strings of celery, these celery strings are made up of collenchyma cells
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16
Q

Sclerenchyma Cells

A
  • Possess both primary and secondary walls
  • Thick secondary cell walls are strong and hard
  • Provide support
  • Are often dead
  • 2 major types - sclereids and fibers
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17
Q

Sclerenchyma Cell

Two Major types

A
  • Sclereids - short and variable in shape

- Fibers - long, tapered cells often occurring in groups

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18
Q

Sclereids

A
  • A major type of Sclerenchyma Cells
  • Short and variable in shape
  • Example: Cherry stone
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19
Q

Fibers

A

-A major type of Sclerenchyma cells
long, tapered cells often occurring in groups
-Example: wood

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20
Q

Vascular System

A
  • Xylem - conducts water and dissolved minerals
  • Phloem - conducts food materials
  • Angiosperm vascular systems contain tracheids, vessel elements, paranchyma cells, fiber
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21
Q

Angiosperm vascular systems

A
  • Contain tracheids
  • vessel elements
  • parenchyma cells
  • fiber
  • also contain sieve tube elements, companion cells, parenchyma cells, and fiber cells
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22
Q

Phloem

A
  • conducts food materials
  • conducts mainly organic compounds
  • composed mainly of Sieve-tube elements
23
Q

Sieve-tube elements

A
  • are alive at maturity but have no nucleus
  • elongated, tube-like
  • no nucleus
24
Q

Companion cells

A

serve as nucleus for the adjacent sieve-tube elements

25
Q

Flax

Linum usitatissimum

A
  • Bast fiber
  • true fibers used from the stem often including phloem, cortex, and periderm
  • oldest textile fiber used by humans
  • fabric has been dated 10,000 yrs. old
  • Egyptian tombs document cultivation
  • Native to Europe and Eastern Asia, no wild populations persist today
  • annual plants used for fiber and linseed oil
  • Linen makes up 2% of world’s textiles
  • flax fibers are 2-3 times stronger than cotton
  • Used to make linen, hoses and mailbags
  • lots of hand labor involved, thus Expensive textile
26
Q

Dermal Tissue System

A
  • Epidermis in herbaceous plants
  • Periderm in woody plants
  • Including some specialized as Guard cells, Trichomes (root hairs)
  • Epidermal cells often secrete a waxy cuticle layer
27
Q

Cotton (Gossypium spp.)

A
  • A surface fiber
  • Comes from trichomes (long epidermal hairs) attached to the seed coats
  • independently domesticated in New and Old Worlds
28
Q

Modular Additions

A
  • Meristems = collection of undifferentiated cells; where cell division occurs, they are simple cells not specialized
  • Apical meristem - where cell division occurs at the shoot of the plant (the top of the plant)
  • Axillary meristem - cell division occurs here as well (aka axillary buds)
29
Q

Primary Meristems

A

NEED TO ADD SOMETHING NOT SURE WHAT

30
Q

Secondary Meristems

A
  • examples: vascular cambium and cork cambium
31
Q

Three Primary tissues

A
  • Protoderm = undifferentiated tissue of stems or roots that becomes the epidermis
  • Procambium = meristematic tissue that develops into xylem and phloem
  • Ground meristem= meristematic tissue that became cortex, pith and ground tissue.
32
Q

Cell Growth

A
  • Growth of plant cells through water uptake
  • Central role of vacuole = occupies large portion of cell volume
  • Cell walls loosen, direction of expansion controlled by orientation of cellulose microfibrils
  • expansion with water -> either elongates or widens based on orientation of cell wall fibers
33
Q

Cell Differentaition

A
  • specialized cells differ in the genes that are expressed
  • Differential occurs when specialized cells take on distinctive structure and function
  • May occur through unequal or asymmetric cell division
  • Exposure to different environments (physical or chemical differences) - aka physical or chemical cues
34
Q

Radial Symmetry

A
  • Plant embryos have apical basal polarity (distinct tops and bottoms)
  • The plant body has radial symmetry also known as phyllotaxy
  • Example: Sunflower seeds are arranged radially, tiny sunflowers arranged radially, leaf attachment down the stem of a Poinsettia
35
Q

Leaves

A
  • Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM)
  • Root Apical Meristem (RAM)
  • Leaf Primordium (LP) indicated at the flank of the SAM
36
Q

What are all plants comprised of?

A

Stem, Leaf, and Root

37
Q

Modular Plant Growth

A
  • means that plants can grow and shed parts and it doesn’t matter because it grows back, nothing negative happens, no damage
38
Q

What is plasticity?

A

sizes and shapes can vary between individuals of a species

39
Q

Root of plant

A

below ground for most plants, but some are above

- all have nutrient absorption, water absorption, and anchorage (anchors the plant)

40
Q

Stem

A

Above ground axes

41
Q

Leaf

A

Solar collector

42
Q

Shoot

A

Stem and leaf.

43
Q

sieve plate

A
  • purpose - allows for the transfer of materials up and down the sieve-tube because it moves through the holes, not entirely digested, still some material there
  • phloem has these
44
Q

cuticle

A
  • waxy cuticle blocks much of the moisture loss through this surface
45
Q

Shoot tip (shoot apical meristem)

A
  • aka SAM
46
Q

Root apical meristem

A
  • aka FAM
47
Q

primary growth in stems

A
  • the lack of wood

- doesn’t have cork cambium

48
Q

leaf primordia

A

cell growth, pushes cells up from below

49
Q

Protoderm (1 of 3 primary tissues)

A

undifferentiated tissue of stems or roots that becomes the epidermis

50
Q

Procambium (2 of 3 primary tissues)

A

meristematic tissue that develops into xylem and phloem

51
Q

Ground meristem

A

meristematic tissue that becomes cortex, pith, and ground tissue

52
Q

guard cells

A
  • control gas exchange in and out of the plant

- these cells are examples of specialized cells

53
Q

Xylem

A

conducts water and dissolved minerals

Biology of Plants: Exam 1 (5 decks)

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