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PSYC3302 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neural prosthesis?

A

A device that can substitute or augment a sensory, motor, or cognitive function.

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2
Q

Sound is…

A

A reconstruction of the different sound
pressures in the air e.g. Dispersed and compressed
air.

Cyclical pattern of changes in air pressure.

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3
Q

Hue is…

A

The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation.

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4
Q

Brightness is…

A

The intensity of electromagnetic radiation.

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5
Q

Saturation is…

A

The purity of electromagnetic radiation.

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6
Q

What are the three cone types?

A

S cones - short waves.
M cones - medium waves.
L cones - long waves.

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7
Q

What are the two motor corticospinal pathways?

A

Dorsolateral pathways

Ventromedial pathways

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8
Q

What do the dorsolateral pathways do?

A

– Control distal muscles
(e.g., hand, fingers) on opposite side of body

– Reaching and grasping

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9
Q

What do the ventromedial pathways do?

A

– Control proximal muscles
(e.g., shoulder) on both sides of body

– Posture, walking

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10
Q

Which neural protheses involve surgical implantation?

A

Cochlear implants, retinal implants.

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11
Q

Which neural protheses are non-invasive?

A

EEG-based brain-computer interfaces.

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12
Q

Future challenges?

A

Fidelity, battery power, tolerance/stability, real-time neural decoding.

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13
Q

In terms of place coding in the basilar membrane…

A

High frequency sounds are coded at the base, while low frequency sounds are coded at the apex.

HB, LA.

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14
Q

In regards to the age of cochlear implantation evoking cortical auditory potential…

A

The older the age of implantation, the less likely the rate of auditory cortical potential would reach normal range.

After the age of about 6 years old, it is hard to get into normal range.

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15
Q

In the spectacle mounted bionic eye, what is the implant tacked onto?

A

The retina itself.

Then the implant emits pulses through the optic nerve to the brain.

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16
Q

There are five important features of the middle and inner ear…

A

Tympanic membrane, round window, cochlea, ossicles, oval window

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17
Q

What is the pathway to the auditory cortex?

A

AN-CN-SON-IC-MGN-AC

Auditory nerve
Cochlear nucleus
Superior olivary nucleus
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Auditory cortex
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18
Q

What is loudness?

A

Amplitude (intensity)

Larger changes in amplitude is louder.

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19
Q

What is pitch?

A

Frequency

Lower frequency is a lower pitch, higher frequency is higher pitch.

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20
Q

What is timbre?

A

Complexity

The quality/richness of the sound.

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21
Q

What constitutes the outer ear?

A

Pinna

Auditory canal

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22
Q

The changes in sound pressure go into the ear canal and…

A

Moves the ossicles (three little bones) in the middle ear and vibrates the oval window.

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23
Q

The ossicles transmit the changes in sound pressure through the ____ into the ____.

A

The oval window into the fluid filled cochlea.

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24
Q

What does the round window do?

A

Allows changes in sound pressure in the cochlea to dissipate.

25
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

The coiled tissue on the inside of the cochlea.

26
Q

Each cross section of the basilar member (organ of corti) contains…

A

Tectorial membrane
Outer hair cells
Basilar membrane
Inner hair cells

27
Q

What does the tectorial membrane do?

A

It acts as a roof at the top of the organ of corti.

28
Q

What sits on top of the hair cells?

A

Tiny filaments called stereocilia.

29
Q

What happens to the fluid in the cochlear when you hear sound?

A

The vibrations in the fluid cause waves in the hair cells and the stereocilia atop them.

30
Q

How do we hear sound [cochlea]?

A

Changes in the position of the stereocilia atop the hair cells changes the properties of neurons in spiral ganglion cells.

31
Q

Inner hair cells compared to outer hair cells.

A

Inner hair cells have a much larger connection to the spiral ganglion cells which go on to the auditory nerve.

Inner = critical to hearing.

32
Q

What do outer hair cells do?

A

EFFERENT

Outer hair cells have less as several communicate with one spiral ganglion cell.

They change the way in which the tectorial membrane moves over basilar membrane.

33
Q

What is the characteristic frequency of a hair cell?

A

Its preferred frequency. The frequency at which it has the highest number of spikes per second.

34
Q

What is the auditory nerve?

A

A bundle of spiral ganglion cells together.

35
Q

Which side of the auditory cortex does the left ear project to?

A

Both ears project to both sides of the auditory cortex.

36
Q

Is there place coding in the auditory cortex?

A

Yes, the place coding is preserved.

Low frequency sounds are represented in the front. High in the back.

37
Q

What happens when you’re born without hair cells?

A

You require cochlear implants.

38
Q

What happens when you have damage to the auditory nerve?

A

You require an electrode into the cochlear nucleus or the inferior colliculus.

39
Q

How does a cochlea implant work [neuro]?

A

Inserted so that it runs all the way up the cochlea from the base to the apex.

Rests against the basilar membrane.

Stimulates different positions along the cochlea and basilar membrane.

40
Q

How does a cochlea implant work [outward]?

A
  • Microphone sits behind ear.
  • Frequencies broken down through speech processor (separate).
  • Transmitting coil sends decoded information from scalp to electrode.
  • Activates different spots to simulate place code.
41
Q

What does more ‘channels’ mean in the cochlear implant?

A

More electrodes along the basilar membrane. Increases number of points along the membrane that can be activated.

Increases the quality of the sound.

42
Q

Which implant users scored highest on word recognition performance?

A

Cochlear implant users - nearly 100% scored in the 80-100 range.

Cochlear nucleus implants are not as effective because mapping is harder.

43
Q

In what order does light hit the cells of the retina?

A

Ganglion cell layer
Bipolar cell layer
Photoreceptor layer

44
Q

What are cones responsible for?

A

High acuity colour vision. They are more concentrated in the middle of the photoreceptor layer.

45
Q

How does visual information travel to the visual cortex?

A

R-LGN-PVC

Retina
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Primary visual cortex

46
Q

Photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell relationship?

A

Many photoreceptors feed to the one retinal ganglion cell. Many to one relationship.

47
Q

If the right wavelength of light hits the photoreceptor cells…

A

They will send an excitatory signal to the bipolar cell layer.

48
Q

If you shine light on the ___ areas of the retina you ___ neurons.

A

Middle area = excite.

Periphery donut = inhibit.

49
Q

Visual neurons in the LGN have a…

A

Centre surround organisation.

ON centre - OFF surround

Vice versa

50
Q

From the start (retina) back (LGN, PVC), you begin with ____ of information and go to ____ information.

A

Lots of information distilled to a smaller amount of information.

Many to one.

51
Q

How to discern orientation?

A

In the PVC, the correct orientation falls over the ON receptive field. Maximal firing.

To the side will inhibit.

Across at a different orientation will have no change.

52
Q

What is wrong in macular degeneration?

A

Due to pressure on the eye, photoreceptors in the central portion of the retina are lost.

Loss of central vision.

53
Q

What is wrong in retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Photoreceptors disappear in peripheral parts of the retina.

Foveal vision is maintained but peripheral vision is not.

54
Q

Spectacle mounted bionic eye…

A

Camera
Decoder (spatial frequency)
Retinal implant mimicking photoreceptors

55
Q

Do subretinal implants use a camera?

A

No [Zrenner]
Light comes through the eye
Lands on the little mosaic Stimulates patches of the electrodes
Electrodes stimulate the retinal ganglia.

56
Q

What were the results of the Zrenner study?

A

The person does very well when the chip is turned on, poorly when turned off.

Variety of pattern related tasks.

57
Q

How is the sensorimotor system organised in the brain?

A

Hierarchical (w/ feedback)

Association cortex (parietal)
Secondary motor cortex
Primary motor cortex
Brainstem motor nuclei
Spinal motor circuits
58
Q

What kind of coding occurs in the primary motor cortex?

A

Directional coding. More action potentials are fired when the monkey makes movements closer to the optimal direction. In example, toward himself.

59
Q

Where is a motor control implant inserted after a spinal cord injury?

A

The little pincushion implant is inserted on the motor cortex, in particular the hand control region.

Transmitter sits on scalp. Person trained to imagine making hand movements.

PSYC3302 (8 decks)

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