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Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Snow line

A
  • distance form a central protostar at which volatile species condenses into ice grains
  • after Mars in solar system (5AU currently)
  • every volatile has its own snow line
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2
Q

Water in the solar system - Mercury

A

Ice in PSRs

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3
Q

Water in the solar system - Venus

A

Atmospheric water

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4
Q

Water in the solar system - Earth’s Moon

A
  • Ice in PSRs
  • subsurface deposits at the poles
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5
Q

Water in the solar system - Mars

A
  • Ice caps
  • underground ice deposits
  • atmospheric water
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6
Q

Water in the solar system - Asteroid belt (Ceres)

A

Underground ice deposits

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7
Q

Water in the solar system - Jupiter + Moons

A
  • Jupiter
    - Atmospheric water
  • Moons (95)
    - Surface ice
    - (salty) liquid subsurface ocean
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8
Q

Water in the solar system - Saturn + Moons

A
  • Saturn
    - atmospheric water
    - rings of water ice
  • Moons (146 known)
    - Surface ice
    - salty subsurface ocean of liquid water
    - icy mantle
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9
Q

Water in the solar system - Uranus + Moons

A
  • Uranus
    - Icy mantle
  • Moons (28 known)
    - Surface water ice
    - surface CO2 ice
    - perhaps liquid water & water ice interior
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10
Q

Water in the solar system - Neptune + Triton

A
  • Neptune
    - Icy mantle
    - 16 known moons
  • Triton
    - Mostly water ice crust
    - perhaps liquid or slushy subsurface ocean
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11
Q

Origins of lunar water - Overview

A
  • Delivery by comets & asteroids (dominate over SW)
  • Solar wind implantation
  • Outgassing from the interior
  • Total quantity might be 100-1000 Mton at each pole
  • absorbed, trapped, deposited
  • Uncertain abundance
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12
Q

Origins of lunar water - Delivery by comets & asteroids

A
  • water delivered by comets
    - 6.4e4-2.6e6 kg/year
    - 7.8% of impacting volatiles are retained in exosphere
    - 2.3-50% survival rate for post-impact migration
    -> 1.3e7-1.1e10 tons at the poles
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13
Q

Origins of lunar water - Solar Wind implantation

A
  • H reacts with oxygen-bearing minerals -> creates OH
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14
Q

Origins of lunar water - Outgassing from the interior

A
  • Water accumulated in the topmost KREEP layer during formation, travelling upwards while creating ice layers depending on temperature & pressure
  • LEND found water mainly well outside PSR -> maybe due to outgassing
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15
Q

KREEP

A
  • acronym built from the letters K (potassium), REE (rare-earth elements) and P (phosphorus)
  • geochemical component of some lunar impact breccia and basaltic rocks
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16
Q

Water in the exosphere

A
  • approx 1e-11-1e10mbar
  • 80,000 atoms/com^3
  • dependence on T/illumination
17
Q

Water on Mars

A
  • Detection of water in the soil
  • water front on the surface
  • water-ice clouds
  • water vapour in the atmosphere
  • Hydrogen (ind. water) & water at the poles & across the planet’s surface -> Basal unit(north) & Dorsa argentea formation (south)
  • Evidence for a wet ancient mars
    - Geomorphological: gullies, river channels, streams
    - Geological: sedimentary rocks (conglomerates, mudstones), ‘blueberries’. cross/horizontal bedding
    - Mineralogical: clay minerals, sulfates, carbonates, iron oxides, silica, salts
18
Q

Water on Jupiter

A
  • 0.25% of the atmosphere is water (Juno probe, 2020)
  • Galileo probe (1995) measured much less water, ass. that it sampled an unusually dry/warm spot
  • 3/4 Galilean moons are icy moons (Ganymede, Callisto, Europa)
  • Amalthea (4th Galilean moon) high porosity & potential presence of ice
19
Q

Water on Saturn

A
  • Most or even all of moons likely consist of water ice to some extent
  • Titan: 80km ice crust with subsurface ocean, atm with methane clouds & lakes on the surface
  • Enceladus: 30-40km ice crust with 10km deep subsurface ocean, geysers, hydrothermal vents, potentially habitable ocean world
20
Q

Water on Ice Giants

A
  • Uranus
    - Mainly made of water, ammonia & methane ices
    - all of moons likely consist of water ice & rock
  • Neptune
    - all moons likely consist of water ice & rock
21
Q

Water on dwarf planets

A
  • some transneptunian dwarf planets have icy moons
  • Pluto: surface of nitrogen-rich ice & water ice, ph. subsurface ocean ~100km deep
  • Pluto’s moon Charon: contains a mixture of ices including water ice, ph. subsurface water ice
22
Q

Icy dwarf planets

A
  • Ixion
  • Orcus
  • Quaoar
  • Sedna
  • Haumea

Space resources (10 decks)

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