Lecture 4

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of “visual hierarchy” in map design?

A. The arrangement of labels on a map to ensure readability

B. The selection of color schemes to enhance aesthetic appeal

C. The arrangement of map elements to reflect their relative importance

D. The use of figure-ground techniques to distinguish map features

Answer 1

C. The arrangement of map elements to reflect their relative importance

Explanation
Visual hierarchy ensures the most important elements of a map stand out, guiding the viewer’s attention.

Question 2

What visual variable is most effective for creating a strong figure-ground relationship?

A. Low-intensity colors
B. Complementary hues like red-green
C. High-contrast hues like yellow-black
D. Complex shapes

Answer 2

C. High-contrast hues like yellow-black

Explanation
High-contrast hues create a clear distinction between figure and ground, enhancing map readability.

Question 3

Explain how the intellectual hierarchy of a map informs its visual hierarchy.

Answer 3

The intellectual hierarchy determines the relative importance of map elements based on the map’s purpose. This hierarchy guides the design of the visual hierarchy, ensuring important elements are emphasized visually.

Explanation
Understanding the intellectual hierarchy ensures that the map communicates its purpose effectively by prioritizing key elements in the design.

Question 4

Describe two techniques to enhance figure-ground separation on a map.

Answer 4

1. Heterogeneity: Use noticeable visual differences to separate figure from ground.
2. Value: Employ darker areas to make them stand out as figures.

Explanation
Both techniques rely on visual differentiation to help the viewer perceive certain elements as figures against the background.

Question 5

Analyze the following scenario: A map of global trade routes uses the same line weight for all routes and places labels directly on top of the lines. Identify two design issues and propose solutions.

Answer 5

1. Issue: Lack of visual hierarchy among trade routes.

Solution: Use varying line weights or colors to indicate route importance.

2. Issue: Poor label placement obstructing readability.

Solution: Adjust label placement to avoid overlap and follow linear labeling principles.

Explanation
These adjustments enhance the map’s clarity and emphasize important routes while ensuring readability.

Question 6

Given a map with dense city labels, recommend three typography adjustments to improve readability.

Answer 6

1. Increase label size differences between major and minor cities.
2. Use bold type for major cities to imply importance.
3. Apply spacing or positioning adjustments to avoid overlaps.

Explanation
These typography changes create a clear distinction between elements and maintain label readability.

Question 7

A city planner uses a map to display proposed park locations. However, the parks blend into the base map, making them hard to distinguish. Evaluate the design and suggest improvements.

Answer 7

1. Issue: Inadequate figure-ground separation for park symbols.

Solution: Increase color contrast or use distinct shapes for park symbols.

2. Issue: Lack of emphasis in visual hierarchy.

Solution: Position parks higher in the visual hierarchy by using brighter colors or bold outlines.

Explanation
Enhancing figure-ground separation and emphasizing parks in the visual hierarchy ensures they are easily noticeable.

Question 8

Discuss the importance of including a north arrow on a map for navigation and provide examples where its omission might lead to misinterpretation.

Answer 8

A north arrow is essential for maps with unusual orientations, where direction is crucial for understanding (e.g., navigation or detailed city maps). Without it, users might misinterpret directional relationships, leading to navigation errors.

Explanation
The north arrow provides spatial context and ensures the map communicates accurate directional information.