Lecture 1

Question 1

What is the primary purpose of cartography?

A. To store geographic information

B. To visualize spatial data

C. To analyze election results

D. To manipulate geospatial technology

Answer 1

B. To visualize spatial data

Explanation: Cartography is primarily about creating maps to visualize spatial data and understand spatial relationships. Other functions like analysis and storage are secondary.

Question 2

Which type of map focuses on a specific theme or topic?

A. Topographic map

B. Navigation map

C. Thematic map

D. Digital map

Answer 2

C. Thematic map

Explanation: Thematic maps are designed to represent specific themes or topics, such as climate change or population density.

Question 3

What scale represents a small area with great detail?

A. Small scale

B. Medium scale

C. Large scale

D. None of the above

Answer 3

C. Large scale

Explanation: Large-scale maps show small areas with detailed features, whereas small-scale maps represent large areas with less detail.

Question 4

Explain how cartography acts as a communication science.

Answer 4

Cartography is a communication science because it involves transferring geospatial information from the cartographer to the user through maps. It employs cartographic grammar, including rules for data classification, symbolization, and projection, to ensure effective communication.

Explanation: Effective maps communicate spatial relationships and geospatial data clearly, minimizing errors in interpretation.

Question 5

Describe the difference between ordinal and nominal categorical variables with examples.

Answer 5

Ordinal categorical variables can be ranked (e.g., soil degradation: low/medium/high), while nominal categorical variables cannot be ranked (e.g., soil texture: clay/loam/sand).

Explanation: Understanding variable types ensures proper data classification and symbolization in maps.

Question 6

Analyze the potential biases in a thematic map depicting voter turnout by state. How might these biases arise?

Answer 6

Biases could arise from color selection (e.g., misleading gradients), data classification (e.g., unequal intervals), and projection distortion. These choices can exaggerate or understate patterns, influencing interpretation.

Explanation: Critical evaluation of map design choices is essential to minimize misrepresentation of data.

Question 7

Create a legend for a map showing earthquake frequencies using both ordinal and numerical variables.

Answer 7

Ordinal variable: Intensity levels (low/medium/high) with graduated symbols; Numerical variable: Exact counts represented by proportional circles.

Explanation: Legends must differentiate between types of data to guide user interpretation effectively.

Question 8

A city council is planning new bike lanes. They have access to population density maps, road network maps, and accident hotspot maps. How should these maps be used together in GIS to support decision-making?

Answer 8

The maps should be overlaid in a GIS environment to identify areas where high population density coincides with accessible roads and accident hotspots. This integration supports data-driven planning for safe and effective bike lanes.

Explanation: Combining maps in GIS helps analyze spatial relationships and make informed decisions.

Question 9

Evaluate how digital cartographic models differ from traditional paper maps in terms of their application for disaster management.

Answer 9

Digital cartographic models allow real-time updates, integration of multiple data sources, and interactive features for dynamic disaster response. Paper maps lack these capabilities and are static representations.

Explanation: Digital models enhance functionality and adaptability, crucial for applications like disaster management.

Question 10

Discuss the significance of the Map Use Cube in modern cartography.

Answer 10

The Map Use Cube highlights the interplay between map type, user characteristics, and usage context. This framework helps cartographers design maps suited to specific users and situations, ensuring effective communication.

Explanation: Understanding these dimensions aids in creating maps that are accessible and functional for diverse users.

Question 11

Identify and address three common errors in the cartographic communication process.

Answer 11

1. Information loss during simplification: Use appropriate generalization techniques.
2. Misinterpretation of data: Employ clear legends and standardized symbols.
3. User misunderstanding: Include instructions or guides for map interpretation.

Explanation: Addressing these errors ensures accurate and effective geospatial communication.