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Neuropharmacology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the three domains of the PNS and what are their targets?

A
  • Somatic= skeletal muscle - autonomic= all targets except skeletal muscle - enteric= gut
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4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system composed of?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system - Parasympathetic nervous system
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5
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

Fight or flight response

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6
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

Rest and digest

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7
Q

What is the role of afferent fibres?

A

Carry sensory information to the CNS

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8
Q

What is the role of efferent fibres?

A

Carry signals from the CNS to the periphery

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9
Q

Outline the sensory reflex arc

A

Sensory receptors > afferent fibres in dorsal root > interneurone > efferent fibres in ventral root > effector cell

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10
Q

Role of the dorsal horn?

A

Receives sensory input

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11
Q

What is found in the lateral horn?

A

Spinal preganglionic neurones

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12
Q

What is found in the ventral horn?

A

Somatic motor neurones

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13
Q

What is the structure of the synapse?

A
  • presynaptic terminal - mitochondrion - synaptic vesicles - active zone - synaptic cleft - postsynaptic density - postsynaptic structure
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14
Q

Stages of neurotransmission

A

1) synthesis 2) storage 3) release 4) activation 5) inactivation

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15
Q

What is the purpose of storing a neurotransmitter in a vesicle?

A
  • protection - packaging (quanta)
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16
Q

What happens in neurotransmitter release?

A
  • docking of a vesicle - Ca2+ entry - exocytosis - endocytosis (recycling)
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17
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released at the somatic nervous system synapse?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

What is the synapse called in the somatic nervous system?

A

Neuromuscular junction/endplate

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19
Q

What are the two neurones found in most efferent autonomic pathways?

A
  • preganglionic neurones - postganglionic neurones
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20
Q

Where do postganglionic neurones synapse with?

A
  • visceral smooth muscle - cardiac muscle - vascular smooth muscle - exocrine glands
21
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released from preganglionic autonomic neurones?

A

Acetylcholine

22
Q

Where are transmitters released from in the autonomic synapse?

A

Varicosities

23
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released from postganglionic parasympathetic neurones?

A

Acetylcholine

24
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released from the majority of postganglionic sympathetic neurones?

A

Noradrenaline

25
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic postganglionic neurones innervating sweat glands?

A

Acetylcholine

26
Q

What is released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and what is its target?

A

Adrenaline is released into blood vessels

27
Q

What are cholinoceptors?

A

Receptors upon which ACh acts

28
Q

What are the two classes of cholinoceptor?

A
  • nicotinic - muscarinic
29
Q

What are adrenoceptors?

A

Receptors upon which noradrenaline acts

30
Q

What are the two classes of adrenoceptor?

A
  • š›¼ - Ī²
31
Q

What type of receptors are nicotinic receptors?

A

ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic)

32
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

GPCRs (metabotropic)

33
Q

What type of receptors are adrenoceptors?

A

GPCRs (metabotropic)

34
Q

How many subunits do nicotinic receptors have?

A

5 (pentameric)

35
Q

What are the types of subunits found in nicotinic receptors?

A
  • š›¼ - Ī² - š›æ - š›¾
36
Q

Why does the composition of receptor subunits matter?

A

Determines - structure - function - ion permeability

37
Q

Why is the M2 region important in ionotropic receptors?

A

Amino acid residue determines the acetyl activity of receptors of particular ions

38
Q

What happens once the ionotropic receptor is agonised?

A

Induced conformational change allowing ions to flow in/out

39
Q

What is an appropriate analogy for a nicotinic receptor- colander or pore?

A

Colander

40
Q

Why is a colander an appropriate analogy for a nicotinic receptor

A

Ions repelled by the high positive charge at the bottom of the vestibule flow in/out of fenestrations

41
Q

What are the steps of GPCR activation?

A

1) agonist binding induces conformational change in receptor 2) receptor interacts with š›¼ G protein subunit 3) GTP displaces GDP 4) Gš›¼ subunit interacts with target protein 5) Gš›¼ containing GTPase hydrolyses GTP= inactivation

42
Q

What differentiates the receptor subtypes from one another e.g. M1 and M2?

A

The ligand binding pocket differs between subtypes

43
Q

How does GĪ²š›¾ interact with GIRKs?

A

After separating from Gš›¼, GĪ²š›¾ induces opening of GIRKs= K+ ions leave the cell

44
Q

Name an example of where nAChRs are found

A

Skeletal muscle

45
Q

Names examples of where mAChRs are found

A

Salivary and sweat glands

46
Q

Name an example of where adrenoceptors are found

A

Blood vessels

47
Q

What happens to organs innervated by the parasympathetic NS?

A
  • pupils= contract - tears= stimulated - salivation= stimulated - bronchi= constricted - bronchi secretions= stimulated - heart= slowed - gallbladder= constricted - gut motility= increased
48
Q

What happens to organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • blood vessels= constricted - sweat glands= stimulated - pupils= dilated - bronchi= dilated - heart rate and contractility= increased - gut motility= slowed - stimulates production of adrenaline

Neuropharmacology (15 decks)

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