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Sociolinguistics > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

Language attitudes

1
Q

What is attitude?

A

the way we speak and behave from an important basis for social categorisation

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2
Q

people make inferences about us on the basis of

A

our way of speaking

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3
Q

on which aspects do people make inferences about us on the basis of our ways of speaking?

at least 3 answers

A
  1. ethnicity
  2. regional origin
  3. competence
  4. education bg
  5. personality
  6. identities
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4
Q

what are these inferences on language variants based on?

A

attitudes about people and language (as well as their relationship) we have been socialised into

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5
Q

What is attitude?

based on Oppenheim,1982

A

an inner component if mental life, which expresses itself as stereotypes and beliefs

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6
Q

What are the three components of attitude?

according to garett,2010

A
  1. Cognition
  2. Affection
  3. Behaviour
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7
Q

What is Cognition

component of attitude

A

people’s belief about the world and how things are related constitute the cognitive nature of their attitudes

how peope make judgements on language based on how standardness it is

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8
Q

is language attitudes equivilent to langauge beliefs? Why?

Edwards,1982

A

no
as a belief forms only part of an attitude

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9
Q

What is “Affection”?

A

People’s feelings about an object
e.g. people approval of the status of HKE as a variety of English,whether they htink listening to HKE is less asthetically pleasing than listening to L1 varieties, or as simple as whether they like HKE

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10
Q

What are the mismatch of cognition & affection

A
  • when one believes L2 variety as “legitimate” variety of it, they may believe it sounds much better than L1 variety
  • cognitive(=beliefs) and affective nature (=feelings) may not match
  • reason for mismatch: beliefs can be overridden by prejudices, anxieties, and fears
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11
Q

What is behaviour?

A

People’s prediposition to act, which perhapes accords with the cognitive and affective components of their attitude
e.g. learning how to speak an accent

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12
Q

What is mismatch of behaviour & other two components?

A
  • when a person 1)believes that a language variety is worth learning and 2)expresses an approval of it, but that same person does not necessarily plan to speak it or learn it
  • motivated by a desire to disguise or conceal inner attitudes
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13
Q

What is linguistic schizophrenia?

A

an inconsistency between behavioural and other component of attitude
* Exonormative in ideal:holding to the ideals of native english speakers
* Endonormative in practice: speaking their own local variety in reality

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14
Q

Schizophrenia apprears to associate with the phenomenon with?

A

Negativity

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15
Q

is a contradiction between speakers’ preference/belief and real-life practice common?

A

yes

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16
Q

might need change p.15

what are language ideologies from experts?

A
  • cultural system of ideas about social and linguistic relationships, together with their loading of moral and political interests
  • 1)beliefs,2)feelings, and 3)assumptions about language that are socially shared, and which attempt to make sense of different forms of the langauge and their place in society
  • how the beliefs and theories that a speakers have about different forms help them rationalise and relate highly complex social systems
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17
Q

what are the definitions for language ideologies?

A
  • Beliefs or feelings about language
  • Beliefs about the superiority or inferiority of a given language
  • Beliefs about the (in-)appropriateness of a language (variety) in a certain situation or among certain groups of speakers
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18
Q

What do ideologies of language represent?

A

assumptions about different linguistic forms and what they say about the people who use them

19
Q

What is the standard language ideology?

A
  • the belief that a particular variety of language is superior to other varieties of the language
  • SL entitiles: supression of variation
  • school education gives students first exposure to SL ideology but the “indoctrination” process continues after they are dismissed
20
Q

What are langauge ideologies?
(Languages vs attitude)

A
  • operate on a subconcious level
  • may not be aware of their existence
  • some argue ideologies precedes attitudes
21
Q

What are language attitudes?
(Language ideologies vs attitudes)

A
  • individuals’ explicit evaluations of langauge and varieties, expressed as opinions and beliefs and, very oftern as prejudices
  • Attitudes may be affected by ideologies
22
Q

What is social identity theory?

A

people compare themselves to each other on dimensions which are important to them

23
Q

what is the difference between a personal identity becomes salients and group identities are more salient implies?

A

personal identity salients:
more variability in our behaviour
group identities salients:
exhibit tendency towards uniformity within groups

24
Q

What are the contents of Accommodation theory (Giles,1973)?

core concept?assumption?argues?behaviour strategies?

A

core concept: attunement
we all attune( or tailor) our behaviour to the interaction

assumption: communicative behaviour is dynamic

argues we design our behaviour in relation to 1)how we perceive our interlocutor, and 2) our feelings about that representation

Behaviour strategies: may be concious or unconcious

25
Q

What does attunement mean?

A
  • not always entitle accomonation towards the speech of our interlocutors
  • want to maintain or acccentuate distinctions between ourselves and our interlocutors to serve our purpose
  • we accomodate the interaction, not necessary the people
26
Q

What are the mechanisms of accommodation?

A
  1. Convergence
  2. Divergence
27
Q

what is Convergence?

A 
accomodation towards
  • approximation to what is believed to be interlocutors’ behaviour in order to accentuate similarities and alignment with interlocutors
  • same language or similar usage of features to show agreement
28
Q

What is Divergence?

A 
accomodation away
  • accentuation of differences ith what is believed to be interlocutors behaviour to accentuate lack of alignment with interlocutor
  • use of different language or features to highligh difference in status; siaplay disagreement
29
Q

How to we research language attitude?

A
  1. societal treatment approach
  2. direct approach
  3. indirect approach
30
Q

what is societal treatment approach?

A

identify attitude through direct observation or analysis of real life interaction and language use

31
Q

What is direct approach?

A

measuring language attitudes directly through 1)self-reported language use and 2)evaluations

32
Q

What is indirect approach?

A

Measureing language attitudes ‘indirectly’ through probing into 1)hidden or 2)unconcious evaluation

33
Q

What can people learn through societal treatment approach?

A

how languages and language varietiees , as well as how their users were treated society

34
Q

What can be included in societal treatment studies

A
  1. participant observation
  2. ethnographic studies
  3. studies of sources available in the public domain
35
Q

what does the societal treatement approach shed light on?

A

societal attitudes to language
the ideologies accompanying them

36
Q

examples of queestions that could be ask in the direct approach

A

participants 1)belief, 2) feelings, and 3) knowledge of the attitudinal object

37
Q

how does indirect approach work?

A

participants listen to speech samples of different accents and use a scale to rate the samples based on different traits

38
Q

What is Mathed-guise technique(MGT)?

A

the same speaker mimiking different accents or features

39
Q

Criticisms of MGT?

A
  • Failure to capture natural and authentic speech
  • Marked verb style: production of distinctive prosodic features can become variable affecting attitudes
40
Q

what does verbal-guise technique(VGT) uses?

A

Authentic speech samples recorded by different speakers who are ‘ representative’ of the accent or variety

41
Q

what will the participants listen to?

A

listen to samples of natural speech and evaluate a series of speakers

42
Q

when will you want to use VGT?

A

When you want to study a package of features

43
Q

why is attitudinal studies important?

A
  1. caresabout with what people’s attitude towards a language.
  2. help people understand that learning a language is more than just aquiring its formal features;
  3. it is a process of learning about the language
  4. people are simutaneously dealing with feelings, expectation and stereotypes
  5. promote awareness to these issues, alleviates the negative impact of these expectations and stereotypes in society

Sociolinguistics (5 decks)

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