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Sociolinguistics > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Syncronic variation?

A

Studies variation at a particular point in time without considering how the variation arouse historically

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2
Q

What is a Diachronic variation

A

Analyze variation and language change as it evolves through time
e.g. through real time and apparent time studies

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3
Q

What are some types of synchronic variation

A
  • Geographical variation(Dialect)
  • Social variation(sociolects)
  • Functional variation(style or register)
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4
Q

in types of synchroic variation

What is included in Geographical variation

A
  • region
  • City vs countryside

Urban dialect VS Rural dialect

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5
Q

What is included in Social Variation in synchronic variation

A
  • Social Class
  • Ethnicity
  • Gender
  • Profession
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6
Q

What is included in Functional variation(‘style’ or register’) in synchronic variation

A
  • Formal vs informal
  • “Youth” vs “Adult” style(it means communicating with people who are young vs those who are old, like you will use easier and simplier words with a children compare to an adult)
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7
Q

Define Dialect

A

Speech form involving distinct features on all different levels of grammar including 1)pronounciation, 2)vocabulary and 3)sentence structure

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8
Q

can a language be spoken in many dialect?

A

yes

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9
Q

Does everyone speak a dialect?

A

Yes, Everyone speaks a dialec: languages are manifested through their dialects

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10
Q

What does “accent” refers to?

A

Differences on the sound level

referring to the features of the speaker’s pronounciation only

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11
Q

Are there any good or bad dialects?

A
  • inherently good or bad dialect do not exist
  • can carry negative connotation outside linguistics:people may contrast proper or good English with its dialect forms, implying the dialects are to be considered bad
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12
Q

What do linguists generally refer to any coherent form of speech?

A

variety

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13
Q

In a variarty of a given language, what do linguists observe?

A

Systematically in the linguistic forms used by the speakers

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14
Q

What problem can the label “variety” help avoid?

A

the issue of drawing the distinction between “dialect” and “language”

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15
Q

What can impact perceptions about the status of a ‘language’?

2 things

A

Political and sociological considerations

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16
Q

What is the difference between dialect and Variety

2 points

A

Dialect
1. marked
2. means more than just’one kind or manifestation of a given language’

Variety
1.unmarked
2.covers the different realisations of the abstract concept ‘language’ in various social context, and is therefore commonly adopted by linguists

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17
Q

Relationship between language, dialect and accent

A

a language can be spoken in different dialects and the same dialect can be pronounce in different accents

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18
Q

What is “Standard language”?

A
  • A variety whose norm are shared accross several geographic regions
  • Outcome of a complex social and historical process
  • Gatekeeper of social power
  • The language variety mostly described in 1)grammar books and 2)dictionaries
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19
Q

Dialects form dialect chains or continua, hence there is (?) ?

A

mutual intelligibility

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20
Q

What causes mutual intelligibility?

A

Dialects form dialect chains and continua

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21
Q

What does dialect continuum mean?

A
  • the closer in grographical distance, the more the languages are mutually intelligible
  • while further it is in geographical distance, the less mutually intelligible the languages are.
22
Q

how to do dialectology: Mapping dialects?

A
  • choose a linguistically significant lexical, phonetic, or structural variable(called an isogloss)
  • Carry out a survey over a given geographical area , using observation points
23
Q

what does isoglosee also means?

A

The boundary line on a map that makes two dialect regions

24
Q

What determine what is a language and what is not?

A

sociopolitical considerations

25
Q

what is language defined by?

2 points

A

Forms
* cantonese and mandarin:mutually not intelligable but consider dialects in Chinese

Social Criteria
* although norwegian and danish are mutually intelligable, political independence contributed to linguistic nationalism

26
Q

What is sociolet?

A

Speech forms used by people of different social groups or classes.

27
Q

What are speech forms used by people of different social goup or classes?

A

Sociolet

28
Q

What is the link between geographical and social variation?

A

When there is a Low varieties(dialects) on social variation, although the geographical variation of it is larger than the high variety.

When there is social mobility to the High variety (standard)on social variation, the features of the standard will move towards dialects, including education, urbanisation and media.

29
Q

What is overt prestige?

A
  • people are highly aware of the prestige of a variant
  • associated with higher social group and setting
  • ‘proper’ or ‘standard’ speech: linked with social advancement
  • involves evaluation such as sounding ‘better’ or ‘nicer’
30
Q

What is covert prestige?

A
  • Speakers’ positive evaluations of a varient is hidden
  • not aware of their orientation to the norm or target
  • not generally valued by society, but by certain subgroups
  • Embodies group value :e.g. family, community, solidarity
31
Q

What do Labov(1972) assume that the more frequent use of standard forms in formal speech is due to?

A

Prestige

32
Q

what is style shifting?

A

people actively selecting their behaviour in order to pursue their interaction goal

33
Q

what is another word for people actively selecting their behaviour in order to pursue their interaction goal?

A

Style shifting

34
Q

example of people accommodate to varying degree to a speech situation based on their desires and view

A
  • Accommodation to people(in-group vs out-group)
  • Accommodation to social context(formal vs informal)
35
Q

What is the nature of the interrelation between stylistic and social varition in bell’s style axiom(1984)?

A

Derivation
* derives from social variation
* can expect some linguistic variables will have both social and stylistic variation, while some only social variation
* but NONE STYLISTIC VARIATION ONLY as stylistic presuposses social

36
Q

what are the 3 levels this derivation holds?

It operates…….

A
  1. synchronically for an individual speaker who shifts style to sound like another speaker
  2. diachronically for individual speakers who over time shift their speech pattern to sound like other speakers e.g. moving to another region
  3. diachronically for a whole group of speakers which over time shifts its speech to sound like anotehr group.
37
Q

what is the name of lect in the three types of synchronic variation?

A

Geographical Variation:dialect
Soicial Variation:sociolect
Functional Variation:style, register

38
Q

What are the dimension of variation in the three types of synchronic variation?

A

Geographical Variation:Region, area, locality
Soicial Variation:social class, social group
Functional Variation:degree of formality

39
Q

What are the points along the continuum in the three types of synchronic variation?

A

Geographical Variation:dialect vs standard language use according to region,people,context

Soicial Variation:variants stratified according to social class, high vs low prestige of variants

Functional Variation:style shifting according to people and context

40
Q

What is the interrelation in the three types of synchronic variation?

A

Geographical Variation: dialect variation= low prestige; standard variation = high prestige

Soicial Variation: low prestige variants of sociolects ofter overlap with dialectal and informal variants

Functional Variation:formal speech= use of high prestige variants; informal speech = use of low prestige variants

41
Q

what are the classification of features that distinguish linguistic variaties?

A
  • Stereotype
  • Marker
  • Indicator
42
Q

stereotype

in definitions production and awaraeness

A

Definition:
* a variable feature that is well-known and commented on

Production:
* Wide-spread distribution,subject of dialect performances, may vary with style shift

Awareness
* fully aware
* usually stigmatised and often actively avoided(or produced)
* e.g. eh in Canadian English ( as an invariant question tag)

43
Q

Marker

in definitions production and awaraeness

A

Definitions:
* less known than stereotype

Production:
* varies with style shifts, gradient distribution

Awareness
* speakers are somewhat subconsciously aware of the variation

  • Correlates with social differentiation
  • e.g. r-dropping
44
Q

indicator

in definitions production and awaraeness

A

Definition:
* not known or talked about, correlates with social group

Production:
* no variation, consistently used by the whole group of speakers concerned

Awareness:
* no subconscious awareness by speakers and listeners

45
Q

What are the types of diachronic variation?

A
  1. Generational change
  2. Age-grading
  3. Life-span change
  4. Communal change
46
Q

What is generational change?

A
  • Linguistic change that happens overtime in a community through the addition of new generation
  • Each generation in a community shows progressively more frequent use of a speific variant
  • Normally reflects an ongoing diachronic change in the speech community
47
Q

What is lifespan change?

A
  • A change to an individual speaker’s pronounciation ot grammar in the course of life
  • reflects an ongoing change in the rest of the community, so individuals change with the community as they grow older
  • e.g. the queen’s first and last christmas speech
48
Q

What is communal change?

A
  • all individuals of a community change their use of a linguistic feature at the same time, leading to flat distribution across age groups
  • Communal change is usually limited to lexical innovations
49
Q

What is age grading?

A
  • all speakers of a community use more tokens of one variants at a certain age and more tokens of another variant at another age, regardless of when they were born: age grading is cyclic
  • not indicate ongoing diachronic change
50
Q

what are real time studies?

A
  • passing tme that we measure with calenders and clocks
  • real time studies are longitudinal studies (i.e. lasting over longer time periods)
    -Panal studies: same individuals are recorded at multiple points in time
    -trend studies: sample of different but comparable individuals are recorded at multiple points in time
51
Q

What are apparent time studies

A
  • Apparent time: measured by comparing spekers of different ages in a single speech community at a single time
  • Speakers from different generations are recorded around the same time
  • Correlation of different linguistic variants with age sets or brackets can reveal an ongoing change

Sociolinguistics (5 decks)

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