Lecture 4 Flashcards
Abnormalities or damage to the ____ or sensory systems can cause deficits in:
Communication
Learning
Behaviour
Motor
brain
Structures of the _____
Two parts: Brain and the spinal cord
Protective factors: Skull, Vertebrae, Meninges and CSF
CSF drains into the lymphatic or vascular system
CSF is a filtration by-product of blood. Filters out metabolites, drugs, and substances.
Brain and spine work together to carry out functions such as behaviors and body maintenance.
Blood supplied through Intercranial artiers/carotid arteries
Circle of Willis
CNS
3 types of non-neural supports cells called Glia
Microglia- macrophages
Astrocytes – nutrition
Oligodendrocytes – form myelin sheaths (protect axons)
Gray Matter – neurons (body of a nerve cell)
White matter – Axons
Brain to spinal cord are the main pathway for the peripheral nervous system
CNS
3 types of non-neural supports cells called Glia
Microglia
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
macrophages
Astrocytes
nutrition
form myelin sheaths (protect axons)
Oligodendrocytes
neurons (body of a nerve cell)
Gray Matter
White matter
Axons
Brain to spinal cord are the main pathway for the _____ nervous system
peripheral
3 parts of the ____
Somatic nervous system
Afferent and Efferent
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic
Enteric nervous system
PNS
Neurons – transmit and process information
Neuroglia – perform housekeeping
Synapses – chemical and electrical Dendrites – receive signals
Axons – send signals
Cells of the brain
transmit and process information
Neurons
perform housekeeping
Neuroglia
chemical and electrical
Synapses
receive signals
Dendrites
send signals
Axons
Stored in vesicles and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to bind to receptor molecules in the dendrite
Ionotropic and metabotropic
GABA is the main inhibitory transmitter.
Transmitters can also include: Fatty acids, peptides and catecholamines
Neurotransmitters
External _____
Brain stem
Lobes
Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Frontal
Olfactory bulb
Brain structures
Internal ____
Limbic system:
Amygadala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
Basal ganglia – limbic and motor functions
Cerebral Cortex
Brain structures
Before _____ to __ years
Begins at conception
Extremely vulnerable at this point
Brain growth spurt begins in the last trimester of pregnancy to 2 years
Birth; 2
Factors
Lack of oxygen
Traumatic physical injury
Lack of essential fatty acids, folic acid or other vital nutrients
Infections
Drugs
Toxins (Maternal use of alcohol)
Stress
Lack of stimulation
These all affect normal development.
Stages of development
Developing fetuses are more vulnerable due to:
Rapid development
Chemical exposure
Blood-brain barrier is not mature
Systems for detoxifying and excreting not fully developed
More years of which a problem can be developed
Stages of development
means the connections between neurons can form, strengthen, weaken or disappear
Plasticity
Infants emotions begin to develop
10 – 18 months
Key components for emotion
Limbic system – responses to stress and formation of memories
Emotion and sensory perception (smelling, hearing, seeing, feeling, and
tasting)
Vital for survival, growth, development, and the experience of bodily pleasure
10-18 months
Puberty is a critical time for typical brain development
Marked by changes in neuroendocrine function
Levels of sex hormones increase
Effect the structure and function of the maturing nervous system
Influence development of steroid-dependent behaviours
Affect stress reactivity
Changes in the neuronal circuitry involve steroid-hormone-induced sculpting of certain synapses as well as the pruning of others
Adolescence
Characterized
Challenges in memory
Requires more time to learn new tasks
Intelligence, abstract thinking, verbal expression remain the same
Life experiences
Wisdom - Makes more rationale and flexible Lifestyle is important in preservation of memory
Aging
Separates the brain and surrounding tissues
Contains: neurons, astrocytes, microglia from the circulating blood
Regulates the transport of nutrients
Signals molecules into the brain
Maintains proper biochemical conditions
Blocks circulating bacteria and pathogens
Defends against infection
Genes are activated and protein recruits white blood cells
Blood brain barrier