Lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards
Four different perspectives
Personal meaning
Public meaning
Critical meaning
Definitional meaning
lived experience
Personal meaning
more literal terms (“disability” means not able) pg. 5 – social determinants of health (different upbringing, different socioeconomic status, etc.)
Public meaning
terminology, disability itself move field further, swinging back to personal meaning to create critical meaning. Looks at power, intellectual, political. Developing terms. Equal human rights. Laws that specify those rights. Social responsibility as well. Overarching legal & social view.
Critical meaning
formal, WHO, pathological lens.
Definitional meaning
When we devalue lived experience – it makes people feel like something is wrong with them, WE are assigning a name, creates _______. Greatest understanding of phenomenon is lived experience
stigma
Historically _______ have been misused to distinguish “us and them” or support the idea of “abnormal vs normal” resulting in consequences
- Stigma
- Discrimination
- Classifying others as different carries with it the perception that others are worth/unworthy or an “outsider”
terms
The terms ________ disability and _________ disability can be useful.
1. Helps w/ identifying the need for supportive services
2. Civil and legal protection in society
3. Assists w/ clarifying and understanding behaviour
4. Classification of sub-systems helps w/ research and targeting interventions or treatments – improving quality of life
5. Supports advocacy efforts and provides clarification
6. Distinguishes and legitimizes issues and sets apart from other areas of interest
intellectual; developmental
- Should always be used
- When referring to an individual use their name first and the supports they require later
- “This is Sarah, a woman we support”
- Is it necessary to use the term intellectual disability of developmental disability?
People first language
Advances in ________, science eradicated diseases and conditions that historically contributed to an increase in disabilities
- Smallpox
- Malaria
- The plague
- Measles
medicine
- Demon position
- Sexual transgression
- Sins / misdeeds
- Curses / omens
- Predictions / prophesies
- Signs of displeasure from the GOD’s
Historical Beliefs & Superstitions
- Expectation that people w/ DID were to be cared for by society
- Subject to discrimination, segregation, persecution, attempted eradication
- Used for entertainment & amusement – poor treatment
Duality of treatment of people w/ developmental and or intellectual disability (DID)
Moral perspective
Lack of distinction & understanding between body & mind
Lack of expectations for large segments of the population
Historical influences
understood that charity toward people with DID was a moral and religious obligation
Moral perspective
- Rise of new ideas, advances in interventions
- Asylyms in the 1800s – viewed as a solution for people that are “dangers and harmful for society”
- Institutions & asylums viewed as an instrument to reform and an innovative way to manage social problems
Industrial revolution and the changing of perspectives
- Supported by politics, sciences, medical
- Belief that integral to society
- Institutions were not originally intended to have negative consequences
- Onset of categorization and subtypes
- Use of terms used to clarify & describe conditions-mental retardation, mental handicap, developmental handicap
o Widely believe that institutions created a “sanctuary” for mental deficiency within the social order, and it was widely believed that these places were both proper and beneficial, not only for society and also for those who spent their lives in them (pg. 28)
Impacts of Institutionalization
The most important factors contributing to the decline of _________:
- Lack of progress
- Lack of knowledge
- Stereotypes
- Overcrowding
- Use of drugs
- Reduced public interest/funding
- Improving community conditions
- Growing interest in equality and human rights
- Dramatic failure of eugenics
institutions
- Inclusion and equality
- Environment – belief that altering the environment can support needs
- Normalization – abandoning stereotypes and ideologies of difference and substituting the principle of inclusion
- Major shift in philosophy and movement toward deinstitutionalization
- Deinstitutionalization movement created a major shift in every aspect of human services
Conceptual basis of Community living
Fear and protection on both sides – protection of society
Staffing problems – high turnover, lower standards of care
Resistance from professional groups and labour unions – concerns for loss of employment for community members employed in institutional settings
The concept of “normalization” of community living shifted the emphasis of inclusion, individual ability, personal fulfilment & enjoyment of life for all people
Social Criticisms of Deinstitutionalization
What is considered normal / abnormal / competent / incompetent / able / disabled – matter of _________
perspective
- Difficult to organize
- Requires new roles, partnerships, committees, families, and the people themselves
- Leadership, relationships, and knowledge required to make a full inclusion and equality a human right is often missing
- Requires collaboration and advocacy for system transformation
- Focus on person centred planning, increased funding, and support vs segregated approaches
- Nothing about us without us
Challenges of moving a social movement forward
Society cannot discount the _________ perspective but challenging the pathological view of “fixing” people to that of supporting, accommodating, adapting, and including is a major shift in attitudes and understanding needed to support equalization & human rights
biomedical
The institution of legal personhood, a perspective that people must have the reasoning and ability to enter legal contracts under the law.
Biomedical view-rise of intellectual testing to determine “normal vs abnormal intelligence”
▶ Pathological view of the person
Social Model of Disability – critical of the disability theory, arises from the feminist movement
▶ Emphasis on redressing harm and focuses on challenging society to consider equality of rights and freedoms.
▶ Considers impairment in society rather than with the perso
THREE PERSPECTIVES
Economics – how financial resources are allocated and/or distributed
Social Assistance and government funding responsibilities
Growth of individualism – person-centred approaches, empowerment, choice
Environmental degradation and primary prevention
Occupational and environmental exposures, toxins, nutritional deficiencies, HIV
▶ Increased environmental pollutants
▶ Decreased medical services
Trends and Issues in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
▶ Inclusion, increased supports, quality of life, and human rights
▶ Supports bridge the gap between personal competency, and environmental demands, and therefore bridge the gap between people’s current life experiences, conditions, and the life they aspire to have
▶ Community living and community supports pose significant challenges for social systems across the world
▶ Closing institutions without adequate alternatives to meet complex needs of
people with significant DID
▶ Lack of various types and range of services to meet complex needs of individuals
▶ Lack of adequate funding available
International trends
▶ Movement towards reconceptualizing human rights to reflect the realities in cultures that do not have social justice and a strong commitment to social welfare.
▶ Movement towards community living and community supports poses challenges with supporting a range of specialized services.
▶ Shift towards general service use vs specialized services
▶ Loss of advocates and specialists
▶ High turnover in staff
International trends
▶ Increasing knowledge about disabilities is advantageous and poses challenges:
▶ ADVANTAGES:
▶ Scientific, medical advances are an advantage
▶ Genetic testing and DNA analysis
▶ Person-centred approaches – People’s First Movement, individualism, advocacy,
activism
▶ Increased collaboration and consultation
▶ Direct funding for services – increases choices
International trends
DISADVANTAGES:
▶ Agreed upon definitions for support services
▶ Tracking useful information for funding purposes
▶ Service implications throughout the life-span- people are living longer. Who assumes the responsibility of the aging population?
▶ Genetic knowledge, DNA analysis – poses ethical dilemmas
▶ Direct funding implications – how is money distributed? Who makes the decision?
▶ Service entitlements- waitlists, accessibility, rural and remote issues
▶ Public knowledge of funding distribution
▶ Uncertainty about the “best” models of support
International trends
▶ Even though a country has ratified a convention, it may not be able to implement
every article as soon as it is ratified.
▶ Expectation for the country to “act in good faith” and move towards ratification
over years or decades.
▶ Disability rights legislation is lacking enforcement mechanisms across countries
▶ Differing laws, policies, across countries affect human rights
▶ Responsibilities of countries to uphold human rights of its people
“Progressive realization”
4 key rights
Education
Inclusion in community
Equality
Rights of Women and Children-Vulnerable population
Inclusion at all levels
▶ Reasonable accommodations
▶ Free from discrimination
Education
▶ Expectations of State Parties to establish a framework to promote, protect, and monitor implementation of the present convention
▶ Civil society, person’s with DID and representative organizations shall be
involved in and participate fully in the monitoring process
▶ State Parties are required to submit periodic updates, reports on progress
▶ State Parties are expected to create a complaints process for individuals
and/or groups who claim they are victims of a violation
Monitoring processes
The Code prohibits unreasonable discrimination on the following grounds, called “protected characteristics.”
▶ Ancestry
▶ Nationality or national origin
▶ Ethnic background or origin
▶ Religion or creed, or religious belief, religious association or religious activity
▶ Age
▶ Sex, including sex-determined characteristics, such as pregnancy
▶ Gender identity
▶ Sexual orientation
▶ Marital or family status
▶ Source of income
▶ Political belief, political association or political activity
▶ Physical or mental disability
▶ Social disadvantage
Manitoba Human Rights Code
▶ Difficulties in establishing definitions of discrimination
▶ UN Declaration of Human Rights assist advocacy groups, individual’s and their families to establish policy and protocol to enforce inclusion, equality, and freedom from abuse
▶ Advocacy – “active support, especially with a cause”
▶ Grassroots advocacy groups –created by the people for the people, coming together
for a common goal to make change
▶ National Movements – People’s First –Self Advocacy organizations are larger groups advocating on behalf of the grassroots organizations to create change at a national level “Nothing about us, without us” movement
▶ Advocacy groups ensure education and demand progress
Advocacy and Legal Considerations to Ensure Civil Rights
