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IDM2003 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

IL-1 beta activates vascular endothelium to _________

A

make WBCs come to the site of infection

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2
Q

_____ is vascular collapse (drop in bp)

A

shock

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3
Q

fever results from IL-6 activating _____ or from _______ from bacterial cell wall breakdown

A

hypothalamus; endotoxin

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4
Q

______ activates key pro inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1beta

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5
Q

____ is the starting point for inflammation

A

IL-1beta

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6
Q

_____ loosens adhesions between epithelial cells

A

TNF-alpha

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7
Q

____ results in shock

A

TNF-alpha

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8
Q

Which cytokines activate lymphocytes?

A

IL-1beta and IL-6

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9
Q

Which cytokines have systemic effects?

A

IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha

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10
Q

CXCL8 is a chemokine that binds to ___ or ____

A

CXCR1 or CXCR2

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11
Q

CXCL8 is produced by

A

macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells

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12
Q

______ and ______ are attracted to CXCL8

A

neutrophils and naive T cellsC

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13
Q

the major effects of CXCL8 are

A

mobilize, activate and degranulate neutrophils, angiogenesis

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14
Q

____ competes with HIV-1

A

CCL4

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15
Q

_____ bind sugar

A

Lectins

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16
Q

CD

A

cluster differentation

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17
Q

PECAM

A

immunoglobin superfamily binds to CD31

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18
Q

LFA-1 binds to

A

ICAMs

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19
Q

CR3 binds to

A

ICAM1

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19
Q

integrins are ______ (structure)

A

heterodimers

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20
Q

Selectins, integrins, and immunoglobin superfamilies are ________ molecules

A

adhesion

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21
Q

LFA-1 and CR3 are _____ present on neutrophils

A

always

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22
Q

ICAMs are present on _______

A

activated endothelium

23
Q

Rolling adhesion is initiated by

A

vasodilation and increased permability

24
Q

______ weakly binds sugar sialyl LewisX

A

E-selectin

25
Q

Endothelium activates during _____

A

tight binding

26
Q

______ is the squeezing between endothelial cells

A

diapedesis

27
Q

sepsis can be categorized by a ___ amount of neutrophils in the blood

A

low (aka neutropenia)

28
Q

High levels of TNF-alpha can trigger _____ via _____

A

sepsis; systemic edema, decreased blood volume, and collapse of vessels

29
Q

A consequence of shock is ____

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

30
Q

liver releases ______ which result in activation of complement and opsonization

A

acute phase proteins

31
Q

IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 affect the following organs/tissues:

A

liver, hypothalamus, bone marrow endothelium, fat, muscle, and DCs

32
Q

increased body temperature will result in:

A

decreased viral/bacterial replication, increased antigen processing, increased specific immune response

33
Q

Activation of bone marrow endothelium by cytokines will result in _____ by way of _______

A

phagocytosis; neutrophil mobilization

34
Q

TNF-alpha stimulates dendritic cells to _______

A

migrate to lymph nodes and mature, initiating adaptive immune response

35
Q

_____ is initiated by acute phase proteins from the liver

A

complement cascade

36
Q

Examples of acute phase proteins

A

C reactive protein, serum amyloid protein, fibrinogen, mannose-binding lectin, SP-A, SP-D

37
Q

_____ binds phosphocholine on bacterial surface, acting as _____ and activating ______

A

C reactive protein; opsonin; complement

38
Q

______ bacteria is a coat to allow them to be taken up better by phagocytosis

A

opsonizing

39
Q

________ binds mannose residues on bacterial surface to _____ and activate _______

A

manose-binding lectin; opsonize; complement

40
Q

_____ immunity is interferon alpha and beta

41
Q

type 2 immunity is ____

A

IFN gamma, NK, adaptive immunity

42
Q

purpose of type 1 IFNs is to

A

stop neighboring cells from being infected

43
Q

______ is made by a viral infected cell

A

type 1 IFN

44
Q

IFN alpha and beta stimulate transcription of ___

A

ISGs (interferon stimuating genes)

45
Q

type 1 IFN results in ______

A

resistance to viral replication via Mx proteins, PKR kinase, OAS synthetase (2-5 linked adenosine oligomers), increased MHC class I expression, activate dendritic cells and macrophages, activate NK cells, induce chemokines

46
Q

____ inhibits translation initiation by phosphorylating ___

A

PKR kinase; eIF-2

47
Q

Mx protein is a ____ that target viral nucleocapsids and ______

A

GTPase; inhibit RNA synthesis

48
Q

______ edits ds RNA by deaminating adenosine to inosine

49
Q

_____ is an ISG that is activated by dsRNA and transforms ATP to 2’-5’ oligo adenylate

A

OAS synthetase

50
Q

2’-5’ adenosine oligomer activates _____ which may have the side effect of _____

A

RNaseL; apoptosis (chops up RNA)

51
Q

_____ will shut down neighboring cells while T cells are being recruited

A

type 1 interferons

52
Q

NK cells are ____, but they work like ______

A

innate; T cells

53
Q

NK cells have an _______ receptor that binds to MHC class I on host cells

A

inhibitory

54
Q

Virus infected cells have ____ MHC class I expression

A

decreased or damaged

55
Q

Without _____ NK cells will release granules and death signals to a cell

A

MHC Class I inhibition signal

56
Q

Some viral proteins ____ MHC class I

IDM2003 (6 decks)

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