Lecture 2 Flashcards
vaccination is the process of
the inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened or attenuated forms of live strains of a disease-causing agent
serum from animals immune to _____ and ______ provided anti-toxic activity that conferred ________ protection against these toxins in people.
diphtheria, tetanus, short-term
proteins called ________ that bind the toxin to _______ activity
antibodies, neutralize
antibodies can be induced against a vast range of substances called ______, which began our understanding of _______ immunity
antigen, adaptive
_______ engulf microorganisms in a process known as _________ as part of __________ immunity in order to stimulate _________ immune response
macrophages, phagocytosis, innate, adaptive
All cells of the blood come from
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
What cells are innate lymphoid cells?
Natural Killer cell, innate lymphoid cell
Name the granulocytes
eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
macrophages are descended from
monocytes
What is a pathogen?
causes disease, is foreign, and has a live stage
What is the first defense of the immune system?
anatomic barriers (skin, oral mucosa, respiratory epithelium, intestine)
______ make up pus
neutrophils (granulocytes)
______ are common patterns of pathogens that can be recognized by your innate immune system
PAMPs
What are examples of PAMPs?
lipopolysaccharides, ATP, urate crystals, dsRNA
Which cells have PRRs to recognize between self and non-self?
Sensor cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells)
______ are proteins that affect immune cells
cytokines
Which cells activate the adaptive immune response?
dendritic cells
What are the hallmarks of inflammation?
swelling, redness, pain, and heat
Where do APCs activate lymphocytes?
draining lymph nodes
The last stage of the immune response is
immunological memory
________ comprise the host microbiome which protects against pathogens
commensal organisms
The ____ lineage comprises most cells of the innate immune system
myeloid
A _______ is a chemical attractant secreted by immune cells
chemokine
________ contain histamine and involved in allergic response
mast cells
which cells have a polymorphic nucleus and are short-lived and very numerous in the blood?
neutrophil
______ bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity
dendritic cells
_______ and _______ are inflammatory mediators released by macrophages that attract cells cruising by in the blood
cytokines and chemokines
endothelial cells change in response to cytokines in which ways
- vasodilation (increased, slow blood flow)
-increased vascular permeability - adhesion molecules to stick leukocytes cruising by
Pain is produced during inflammation by
inflammatory mediators
______ are innate lymphoid cells that can recognize and kill abnormal cells
NK cells
NK cells lack
antigen-specific receptors
adaptive immunity has a ________ and _______ response
humoral and cell-mediated
Antigen receptor genes are generated by
gene rearrangement of incomplete receptor gene segments
activated lymphocytes give rise to
effector cell clones
What happens to self-reactive receptors in lymphocytes during development?
eliminated in thymus
B cells mature in ______ and T cells mature in _______
bone marrow, thymus
activated lymphocytes will
proliferate in the peripheral lymphoid organ, generate effector cells and immunological memory
lymphocytes are activated by
antigens
B cells differentiate into
plasma cells
plasma cells secrete
antibodies
What are the two types of T cells
helper (4) and cytotoxic (8)
Describe structure of antibody
light chain vs heavy chain
Fc (constant - 5 different isotypes)
variable region (where antigen binds)
B cells usually bind epitopes that are
on the external surface (whole folded protein)
T cells bind epitopes that are
deep in antigens and chopped up by innate cells
A ______ lymphocyte hasn’t bound an antigen
naive
An early lymphocyte gives rise to a large number of lymphocytes with _______
distinct antigen receptors
In order to allow for self tolerance, lymphocytes that bind ________ are deleted
ubiquitous self antigens
What activates a mature naive lymphocyte to divide?
foreign antigen interaction
blast
cells that are multiplying
clonal expansion
gives rise to clones of identical progeny that bind to the same antigen
What is the lag phase?
It is the time during the first exposure to an antigen where the innate immune system is working to respond and recruit lymphocytes to start the active immune response
Why do we give boosters after initial vaccine?
enhanced secondary response (immunological memory)
the secondary response is
rapid, intense, more effective/pronounced only applies to the same antigen, not a new one
