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Biochem Exam 1 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

inorganic components of teeth

A

apatite, made of calcium and phosphate

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2
Q

protein components of teeth

A

dentin phosphoryn, dentin matrix protein, dentin sialoprotein, enamel amylogenin, proteoglycans

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3
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, rather it is converted

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4
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

the amount of disorder in the universe resulting from a biological chemical process always increases

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5
Q

kinetic energy

A

thermal energy- energy of motion, heat energy
radiant energy- energy of light

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6
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds, energy of concentration gradients, electric potential

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7
Q

electric potential

A

all cells maintain a gradient of electrical charge across their plasma membrane

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8
Q

thermal energy

A

used for maintenance of ideal temperature for enzymatic reactions, cells do not use heat to do work

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9
Q

metabolism

A

an organism must continuously maintain order with respect to its environment. in order for an organism to maintain itself, it must constantly exert energy

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10
Q

negative delta G

A

spontaneous process. energy flowing downhill, reactants/starting material has more energy than products

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11
Q

positive delta G

A

non-spontaneous/reverse spontaneous process. putting molecules together, products have more energy than reactants. energy flowing uphill

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12
Q

combustion

A

exothermic process, negative gibbs free energy, uncontrolled reaction

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13
Q

catabolism

A

exothermic process, negative gibbs free energy, need enzymes in order for this reaction to occur, controlled reaction

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14
Q

delta G=0

A

system is at equilibrium, steady state

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15
Q

delta G>0

A

requires input of energy, endothermic/endergonic

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16
Q

delta G<0

A

gives off energy, exothermic/exergonic

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17
Q

covalent bonds

A

involves sharing a pair of electrons in the form of orbital overlap

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18
Q

ionic interactions

A

transfer of electrons between very positive (easily donatable electron) to very negative (easily acceptable electron) elements
occurs between oppositely charged ions, held together with electrostatic interactions

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19
Q

Van der Waal’s forces

A

responsible for cohesion of non-polar liquids (alkanes)

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20
Q

Van der Waal’s contact

A

when the repulsive forces of a pair of atom electron clouds is balanced by van der Waal’s forces

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21
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

driven by entropic effects of water

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22
Q

henderson-hasselbalch equation

A

expresses relationship between pH of solution, pKa of acid group, and relationship between conjugate base and conjugate acid

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23
Q

buffers

A

weak acids that resist pH changes near their pKa

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24
Q

hydroxylapatite demineralization

A

when saliva pH is acidic hydroxyapatite dissolves (equilibrium to the right)

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25
Q

hydroxylapatite remineralization

A

when saliva pH returns to normal, hydroxylapatite reforms

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26
Q

significance of pKa for acids/bases

A

pKa is the number tied to the pH range, tells us the half-dissociation range
lower the number, more acidic the solution is

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27
Q

type of molecules that it is relevant to use pKa

A

weak acids, carboxylic acids, or amino groups
strong acids dissociate all the way rendering pKa useless

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28
Q

charge of carboxylic acid at a pH BELOW pKa

A

neutral

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29
Q

charge of carboxylic acid at pH ABOVE pKa

A

negative

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30
Q

charge of ammonia at pH BELOW pKa

A

positive

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31
Q

charge of ammonia at pH ABOVE pKa

A

neutral

32
Q

effect of increasing acidity on hydroxyapatite

A

hydroxyapatite will dissolve, goes into solution causing enamel to wear away on the tooth

33
Q

pH>pI

A

protein charge negative

34
Q

pH<pI

A

protein charge positive

35
Q

dissociable functional groups of amino acids

A

carboxylic group, amino group

36
Q

approximate pKa of amino acid carboxyl group

A

3-4 range

37
Q

approximate pKa of an amino group

A

9-10

38
Q

pI of a protein

A

pH at which the net protein charge is zero, reflects the balance between amino and carboxylic groups in a protein

39
Q

apatite, made of calcium and phosphate

A

inorganic components of teeth

40
Q

dentin phosphoryn, dentin matrix protein, dentin sialoprotein, enamel amylogenin, proteoglycans

A

protein components of teeth

41
Q

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, rather it is converted

A

first law of thermodynamics

42
Q

the amount of disorder in the universe resulting from a biological chemical process always increases

A

second law of thermodynamics

43
Q

thermal energy- energy of motion, heat energy
radiant energy- energy of light

A

kinetic energy

44
Q

energy stored in chemical bonds, energy of concentration gradients, electric potential

A

potential energy

45
Q

all cells maintain a gradient of electrical charge across their plasma membrane

A

electric potential

46
Q

used for maintenance of ideal temperature for enzymatic reactions, cells do not use heat to do work

A

thermal energy

47
Q

an organism must continuously maintain order with respect to its environment. in order for an organism to maintain itself, it must constantly exert energy

A

metabolism

48
Q

spontaneous process. energy flowing downhill, reactants/starting material has more energy than products

A

negative delta G

49
Q

non-spontaneous/reverse spontaneous process. putting molecules together, products have more energy than reactants. energy flowing uphill

A

positive delta G

50
Q

exothermic process, negative gibbs free energy, uncontrolled reaction

A

combustion

51
Q

exothermic process, negative gibbs free energy, need enzymes in order for this reaction to occur, controlled reaction

A

catabolism

52
Q

system is at equilibrium, steady state

A

delta G=0

53
Q

requires input of energy, endothermic/endergonic

A

delta G>0

54
Q

gives off energy, exothermic/exergonic

A

delta G<0

55
Q

involves sharing a pair of electrons in the form of orbital overlap

A

covalent bonds

56
Q

transfer of electrons between very positive (easily donatable electron) to very negative (easily acceptable electron) elements
occurs between oppositely charged ions, held together with electrostatic interactions

A

ionic interactions

57
Q

responsible for cohesion of non-polar liquids (alkanes)

A

Van der Waal’s forces

58
Q

when the repulsive forces of a pair of atom electron clouds is balanced by van der Waal’s forces

A

Van der Waal’s contact

59
Q

driven by entropic effects of water

A

hydrophobic interactions

60
Q

expresses relationship between pH of solution, pKa of acid group, and relationship between conjugate base and conjugate acid

A

henderson-hasselbalch equation

61
Q

weak acids that resist pH changes near their pKa

A

buffers

62
Q

when saliva pH is acidic hydroxyapatite dissolves (equilibrium to the right)

A

hydroxylapatite demineralization

63
Q

when saliva pH returns to normal, hydroxylapatite reforms

A

hydroxylapatite remineralization

64
Q

pKa is the number tied to the pH range, tells us the half-dissociation range
lower the number, more acidic the solution is

A

significance of pKa for acids/bases

65
Q

weak acids, carboxylic acids, or amino groups
strong acids dissociate all the way rendering pKa useless

A

type of molecules that it is relevant to use pKa

66
Q

neutral

A

charge of carboxylic acid at a pH BELOW pKa

67
Q

negative

A

charge of carboxylic acid at pH ABOVE pKa

68
Q

positive

A

charge of ammonia at pH BELOW pKa

69
Q

neutral

A

charge of ammonia at pH ABOVE pKa

70
Q

hydroxyapatite will dissolve, goes into solution causing enamel to wear away on the tooth

A

effect of increasing acidity on hydroxyapatite

71
Q

protein charge negative

A

pH>pI

72
Q

protein charge positive

A

pH<pI

73
Q

carboxylic group, amino group

A

dissociable functional groups of amino acids

74
Q

3-4 range

A

approximate pKa of amino acid carboxyl group

75
Q

9-10

A

approximate pKa of an amino group

76
Q

pH at which the net protein charge is zero, reflects the balance between amino and carboxylic groups in a protein

A

pI of a protein

Biochem Exam 1 (7 decks)

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