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BIOL 200 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is exaptation?

A

when a new additional pressure comes along (selective pressure) which results in a modification of the gene coding

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2
Q

Are archae or bacteria more common in an extreme environment?

A

archae

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3
Q

What are the principle differences between archaea and bacteria?

A
  • rRNA nucleotide sequences
  • cell wall and membrane lipids differ
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4
Q

are bacteria or archae more diverse in forms of energy and aquisition? provide a simple example

A

bacteria are more diverse
* some are able to photosynthesize

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5
Q

What is the bacterial plasma membrane structure?

A
  • hydrophilic front end
  • hydrophobic interior
  • semi-permeable
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6
Q

What do bacterial cell walls always contain?

A

always contain peptidoglycan, but in differing amounts

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7
Q

What are the two major groups of bacteria?

A

gram positive and gram negative

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8
Q

What color do gram negative stain?

A

pink

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9
Q

Why do gram negative bacteria stain pink?

A

they have a very thick peptidolgkycan cell wall

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10
Q

What is the trait of gram negative bacteria that gives rise to many functions?

A
  • it is the evolution of the peroplasmic space, between the inside and outside of the cell wall and outer membrane
  • gives it many functions
  • the bacteria can be in an environment and protect itself
  • this is an evolutionary advantage
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11
Q

What is the signifigance of the gram stain response?

A

common quick medical diagnostic tool

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12
Q

What type of group is a gram positive group?

A

a monophyletic group

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13
Q

What are key characteristics of a gram positive bacteria?

A
  • very resistent to osmotic stress
  • can form endospores
  • usually chemoheterotrophs
  • non-motile and without appendages
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14
Q

What are key characteristics of gram negative bacteria?

A

they utilize their periplasmic space for:
* nutrient aquisition
* nutrient processing
* detoxifying environment (including against antibiotics)

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15
Q

What can gram positive bacteria form when entering dormancy? What is the term?

A
  • they can form highly resistent forms
  • endospores
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16
Q

What are endospores?

A
  • gram positive only
  • form many coats
  • highly resistent to UV, high temperatures, chemical disinfectants, desiccation
  • very resistent to the environment
  • must have evolved to be this way, as this form is very advantageous in their lifecycle
  • results in severe health and food concerns
17
Q

What happens when an endospore germinates?

A
  • produces neurotoxins
  • this is to protect the growing bacteria to the environment
  • this can cause serious infection
18
Q

What are the characteristics of the cell wall of archae?

A
  • no peptidogylcan
  • may or may not retain G stain, depending on wall thickness
19
Q

how are the plasma membrane lipids for archae distinctive from both bacteria and eukarya?

A

that lipid tails are branched and sometimes linked

20
Q

is archae transcriptional machinery more similar to bacteria or eukarya?

A

eukaryotes

21
Q

Why is the different structure of the plasma membrane advantageous for them?

A
  • the branching on the tails gives rise to more potential for hydrogen bonding, making the membrane a lot less fluid
  • this causes it to be more viscous
  • this can be beneficial in warm environments
  • can help lead to more stability due to rigidity

*if the membrane breaks down they’re dead, so we need to make sure it is stable, which is what this does

22
Q

Many of the organisms that are photoheterotophs can also do ___________?

A

chemoheterotrophs

23
Q

Wha does oxygen availability determine in terms of metabolism?

A

oxygen availability determines metabolic energy yield

24
Q

what is the ideal electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

25
Q

Other than carbon dioxide, what is another common source for photosynthesis?

A

hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

26
Q

What is the main pigment found in cyanobacteria?

A

chlorophyll a

27
Q

What is the process in which cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen from air called?

A

heterocysts

28
Q

What form do cyanobacteria usually occur in?

A

filaments

29
Q

What do cyanobacteria play critical roles in?

A
  • evolution of life (O2, N2)
  • global C and N cycles
  • global food supply (rice)
30
Q

Is cyanobacteria considered a unicellular organism?

A
  • there is some sort of connection between cells
  • but not necessarily multicellular yet
31
Q

what are methanogens?

A
  • some methnogens are chemoautotrophs
  • only in the archaea
  • strictly anaerobic metabolism
  • natural gas
  • important greenhouse gas
32
Q

What are some of the general reasons why both bacteria and archaea have had evolutionary and ecological sucess?

A
  • long evolutionary time
  • small size, and therefore rapid reproduction rates
  • distinct mechhanisms to generate genetic variability

BIOL 200 (6 decks)

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