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Microbiology and Immunology > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

innate signalling

A
  • process of secreting chemical messages that will help augment the response and cause inflammation, as well as turn on adaptive immunity
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1
Q

what happens if pathogens breach the barriers

A
  • immune cells
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2
Q

what happens after phagocytosis

A

cytokines and chemokines are released

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3
Q

cytokines

A
  • important immune proteins
  • secreted by cells
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4
Q

types of cytokines

A
  • interleukins
  • interferuerons
  • tumor necrosis factors
  • chemokines
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5
Q

complement proteins (important immune protiens

A
  • C3
  • it spilts into C3 a and C3 b
  • both have rules in immunity
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6
Q

cytokines

A
  • pass the message around to other cells
  • target cells that respond to cytokines have specific receptors on them (only way)
  • these are NOT PRR receptos
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7
Q

cytokine receptors

A
  • have high affinty
  • small quantities of cytokines can turn turn on large bio response
  • the response can range
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8
Q

range of responses from cytokines binding to their receptors (correlates immune response)

A
  • changes In expression of target cell
  • increase/decerase of enzyme activity
  • induce proliferation
  • induce differentaion
  • modulate effector functions
  • cell survival/death
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9
Q

what is another function of cytokines

A
  • cytokines regulate the process of hematopoiesis
    -every step of differntiation is guided
    every single step is governed by cytokines (different types, expressed by different cells)
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10
Q

hematopoiesis

A
  • gives rise to all types of cells in the blood
  • ## starts with hematopoietic stem cell
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11
Q

how do cytokines act?

A
  • another signal transduction process
  • ## cytokines act via specific cytokine receptors
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12
Q

signal transduction pathway of cytokines

A
  • inducing stimulus in environment of nucleated cells that have potential of expressing the cytokine
  • the signal is transduced into the release of the cytokine
  • target cell with cytokine receptor binds to the cytokine,
  • turns on or off expression of genes in the cell to produce a biological response.
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13
Q

modes of action of cytokines

A
  • pleiotropy
  • redundancy
  • cascade induction
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14
Q

pleiotropy

A
  • same cytokine acts on different cells to evoke different responses
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15
Q

redundancy

A
  • different cytokines evoke same response in cels
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16
Q

cascade induction

A
  • action of a cytokine on a cell induces production of one or more additional cytokines.
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17
Q

types of cytokines

A
  • interluekins (IL-6, IL-1)
  • tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha)
    interleukins and TNF are pro inflammatory
  • chemokines
  • interferons
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18
Q

whenever pro-inflammatory cytokines are expressed…

A
  • inflammation Is induced
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19
Q

chemokines

A
  • chemoattractant (calls other cells to site of infection the released)
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20
Q

interferons

A
  • Type 1 IFN
  • responsible for leading antiviral response
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21
Q

cytokines and phagoyctosis

A
  • PAMPS on pathogen bind to prr
  • This triggers phago response
  • when pamps bind PRRs, triggers the expression and secretion of cytokines (pro-inflammatory)
    (in all of our phagocytes)
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22
Q

chemokines

A
  • ## also secreted by phagocytes
23
Q

what happens when the barriers of epithelial cells are released

A
  • release of cytokines and chemokines
24
Q

types of chemokines

A
  • all are secreted
25
Q

neutrophils and chemokiens

A
  • have receptors to recognize the cheekiness, come out of vessel and follow the signals via chemotaxis to get to site of infection
26
Q

what types of cells secrete chemokines

A
  • both immune and non-immune
27
Q

tissue-resident phagocytes

A
  • macrophages, dendritic cells , neutrophils begin to phagocytose, this makes the pro inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
  • leads to infllammation
28
Q

signs of inflammation
- effects of cytokines and inflammatory factors

A
  • dolor (pain
  • rubor (redness)
  • calor (heat)
  • tumor (swelling)
  • function lease (loss of - function
29
Q

why does signs of inflammation happen?

A
  • effects of cytokines in our endothelial cells
30
Q

effects of cytokines on endothelial cells

A
  • line our blood vessels
  • in the presence of cytkoines, the cells expand and the interstitial spaces get bigger
  • increased blood flow (readness)
  • create leakage of fluid from blood vessels (swelling)
  • extravasation of immune cells into tissues (coming out of blood vessels into the tissue to fight infection— creates pain)
31
Q

process of inflammation

A
  • macrophage phagocytoses bacteria
  • produces TNF, Il1 and Il6, this gets released
  • chemokines are relased
  • cytokines act on endothelial cells
  • vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • inflammatory cels migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause paun
32
Q

pus

A
  • made up of mostly neutrophils
  • the neutrophils are dying in there
33
Q

inflammation = considered a positive feedback loop

A

true

34
Q

chronic inflammation

A
  • e.g. irritable bowel syndrome caused by chronic inflammation
  • increase in infiltrated WBC
  • ## disruption of cells structure of epithelia
35
Q

healthy gut tissue

A
  • led by cytokines
  • healthy microbiome in gut
  • cytokines are keeping in order
  • immune cells are just surveying
36
Q

disruption of cytokine pathway

A
  • ## inflammation
  • more cells coming out of bloodd vessels (redness, swelling)
  • leads to ulcers
  • not good
  • leads to disruption of microbiome
  • if left for too long —-> chronic inflammation
  • immune system begins to attack own epithelial cells
37
Q

another response to infection

A
  • fever
38
Q

why do we get a fever when sick?

A
  • maybe to help control pathogens (difficult to live in high temperatures, but maybe this is not really a big deal)
  • enzymes not working as well
  • our immune system might work faster at higher temperatures
  • it lets us know that we are sick
39
Q

why fever

A
  • due to inflammatory cytokines
  • they travel to hypothalamus
  • receptors there cause the fever
  • these cytokines are called pyrogens (because they cause fever)
40
Q

what happens pro-inflammatory cytokines reach the liver

A
  • can also get to liver
  • leads to. production and secretion of acute phase proteins
41
Q

acute phase proteins

A
  • many different ones are produced
  • one is c-reactive protein (CRP)
  • used in clinical labs to measure for signs of inflammation
42
Q

Complement system

A
  • helps innate immune system
  • many pathways to turn it on
43
Q

what do complement proteins do?

A
  • help the cells to phagocytose better
  • help recruit more cells (act as chemokines, be a message in the tissue)
  • form a couple called MAC
44
Q

Membrane attack complex (MAC)

A
  • a bunch of these proteins polymerizing together, forming holes in the membranes of pathogens to kill them
45
Q

C3

A
  • broken down into C3A
46
Q

C3a

A
  • acts as pro-inflammatory cytokine,
    calls more cells to infected site, maintains inflammation
47
Q

C3b

A
  • helps with opsonization (the coating of a surface of a pathogen with antibodies and complement proteins to promote phagocytosis- coating it with a signal to promote phagocytosis)
48
Q

interferons

A
  • important roles in viral infections
  • type 1 interferon
49
Q

when are IFN alpha and beta released?

A
  • when cells are infected with viruses, these signalling molecules are very quickly released
  • ## control viral replication
50
Q

how are NK cells triggered?

A
  • from the interferon alpha and interferon beta
51
Q

what happens when NK cells are not enough to eliminate virus

A
  • help of t-cells to control
52
Q

what happens when viruses are growing in cell

A
  • we have PRRs in cell to recognize the PAMPS that can then turn on the response which is the production of cytokines
53
Q

signal transduction pathway for virus infected cells

A
  • viral particles are recognized by surface PRRs
  • creates signal to turn on expression of interferon
  • this is the signal for nK cells to know that they must target the cell
54
Q

viral survical

A
  • some viruses can block IFN secretion
  • this causes cell to not secrete interferons
  • this requires T cell immunity to help fight them all
  • coronaviruses do this as well
    so that they are not attacked by NK cells
55
Q
A

Microbiology and Immunology (4 decks)

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