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Microbiology and Immunology > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • takes a while to get going
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2
Q

innate immunity

A
  • first responders
  • but both are working together
  • induces adaptive response after getting things going first
  • keep potential pathogens away
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3
Q

micorbes

A
  • most are innocuous
  • many are beneficial
  • but small number can cause disease
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4
Q

types of microbes

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • parasaties
  • fungi
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5
Q

innate immunity functions

A
  • keep pathogens away (barriers)
  • detect and destroy invading pathogens - cells detect and destroy
  • the immune cells secrete molecular messages (cytokines and chemokine) that spread the word to collect an army of cells to go to infection site
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6
Q

most pathogens are effectively stopped by innate immunity at an early stage?

A

true

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7
Q

properties of innate immunity

A
  • response time
  • specificty
  • diversity
  • memory responses
  • self/non discrimination
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8
Q

response time

A
  • innate immunity is the first one to act
    (within minutes to hours, response for pathogen)
    -
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9
Q

specifity

A
  • receptors
  • innate immunity receptors recognize broad characersitscs of pathogens
  • our immune system has co-evovled with the pathogens to recognize the board characteristics
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10
Q

diversity

A
  • a limited number of conserved, germ-line-encoded receptors
  • limited diversity of receptors
  • we don’t need a huge number of them because they recognize a broad characteristics of pathogens
  • germ-line encodedg
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11
Q

germ-line encoded

A
  • specificity of the receptors is encoded in the genomes is passed through the progeny, does not change
  • adaptive immunity receptors are not the same case
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12
Q

memory responses

A
  • no memory for innate immunity
  • difference from adaptive
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13
Q

self/nonself discrimination

A
  • good at detecting the broad characteristics of pathogens that are not present in self
  • recognizing between self and non self
  • innate immunity rarely fails at this distincition
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14
Q

innate immunity is non-adpative

A
  • true
  • at first exposure to pathogen, it acts first and has certain magnitude and speed for response and takes a few days
  • next time it is exposed to same pathogen, acts the same way
  • same response to same pathogen every time
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15
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • starts faster when exposed to same pathogen again
  • immunnological memory
  • innate is NOT adaptive
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16
Q

innate immune defences

A
  • anatomical barriers
  • immune cells
  • proteins
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17
Q

anatomical barriers

A
  • skin
  • tissues
  • commensal microbiota
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18
Q

immune cells

A
  • detect andestory pathogens
  • white blood cells
  • leukocytes: phago and lympho
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19
Q

proteins

A

-secreted by cells
- cytokines
- complement proteins
- passes message along to other cells and imitates adaptive immunity through signalling

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20
Q

mechanical forces

A
  • within the digestive and respiratory tract that keep things flowing and out our systems
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21
Q

epithelia

A
  • digestive tract and resp tract exposed to outside, gi tract
  • main portals of entry
  • layered with epithelia that has specific barriers for protetion
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22
Q

eptihelial cells characteristis

A
  • tight junctions
  • regneration
  • desquamation
  • secretions
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23
Q

tight junctions

A

-molecualr structures between epithelial cells
- keep things tight and together
- nothing can sequence between the cells

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24
Q

regernation

A
  • regernate quickly to replace dead cells
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25
desquamation
- shedding helps remove attached pathgoens - will shed themselves when pathogen attaches - pathogen is eliminated with them
26
secretions
- enzymes - am peptiedes - mucus -
27
first line of defense
skin (refer to diagram)
28
corneal layer (in epidermis)
- keratin shield - keratinocytes underneath are specialized epithelial cells that produce and secrete keratin - when lose uncle they form the cells of the corneal layer - thick, strong layer
29
dermis
- immune cells patrol tissue for anything that may breach the barrier
30
goblet cells
- in respiratory tract - produce components of mucus (musings) - mucus are secreted to outside of epithelia. have cilia
31
cilia
- keeping things flowing - mechanical forces prevent the pathogens from entering our tissues
32
CF
- Collapsed cilia - thick, dry mucus - makes CF lung a perfect environment for bacteria to thrive - mutations in CFTR (make less or none)- dry condensed mucus collapses cilia prevents things from flowing
33
mucocilliary clearance
- MCC - defective in people with CF
34
GI tract
- paneth cells - goblet cells
35
paneth cells
- special epithelial cells - secrete defnsins into gut
36
defensins
- am peptides - prevent pathogens from going and colonizing in gut
37
important portals of entry for pathogens
- gut and digestive system
38
defective tight junctions
- leaky gut syndrome - results in inflammation - things filter in - disrupt healthy epithlia - people with IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) -
39
chemical defenses
- secreted by eptuherlial cells - can be microbicidal or microbiostatic - e.g. lysozyme - am peptides
40
microbicidalq
- kill pathogen
41
microbiostatic
- prevent pathogen from replication
42
lysozyme
- made in tera, breast milk, saliva - effective against gram positive bacteria - breaks down peptidoglycan (thick layer in gram positive, easily accessible to lysozyme), exposes the cell membrane, causes lysis - glycosidaase
43
am peptides
- human body makes 21 different types (defensives)- other organisms make am peptides as well - phoplipid bilayer is negative charge and defensives are positive - attraction - creates pores, intteruptions to membrane (in bacterium fungi and some viruses)
44
short cationic (pos charge) peptides
defensives cathelicidins, histatins
45
microbiome
- pretty much on every point of entry for pathogens - is shaped from birth to adulthood (genetic and environmental factors) - shifts rapidly at the beginning of life (inoculated with mother's microbiome)
46
our immune system and microbiome
- we have adapted our immune system to not recognize our microbiome
47
chron's disease
- inflammatory bowel disease - chronic inflammation of gut epithelia - genetic and environmental factors - disrupted microbiome (consequence of disregulated immune system) - affects proportion of microbiome that is healthy and altered microbiota can affect the immune system
48
gut microbiome
- important for digestion - keeps pathogens from growing - competition for nutrients
49
what happens to gut microbiome the u take atnibiotics
- wipes out healthy microbiome in gut - opportunistic pathogens that are part of microbiome that were kept in check by healthy gut microbiota - clostridium difficiae, resistant to many antibiotics for example can colonize in gut
50
COVID
- disruption of healthy microbiome in gut - Microbial dysbiosis -
51
microbial dysbiosis
opportunistic pathogens are able to outgrow the good microbes, cause problems, inflammation, etc
52
opportunistic pathogens
- regular pathogens cause problems healthy individuals - these only cause problems in specific conditions - e.g. listeria affects immunocomporised, pregnant, people) - can be part of microbiome but are kept in check by other members of micriobiome- but when things change
53
barriers work together (at same time)
- epithelial cells - tight junctions - goblet cells - am proteins are in the inner mucus layer
54
pathogens can breach
- might make mcuus binding proteins to attach to mucus - flagella to swim through mucus - secreted musinases to break down the musin - things to attach the cells, and internalize cells to come into our tissues
55
when barriers fail
- barriers breached - infection (in our tissues)
56
uropathogenic escherichia colipa
-nhave little hair like structures that adhere to surface of pethelial cells of urinary tract - can case UTIS
57
pathogens in tissues
- can be contra or extracellular
58
extracellular
interstitial spaces (between cells), blood, lymph, epithelial surfaces (e.g. U Coli),
59
intracellular
- cytoplasmic (grow in cytoplasm) - vesicular (grow in vesicles)
60
all known pathogens
have extracellular phase. only some have intracellular phase. immune system has diff strategies to deal with both of these
61
bacteria
- nuclei that is not membrane bound - duplicate by binary fission (duplicate their contents, split to two cells) - most live extraveullaurly - some intracellular bacteria (both extra and intra phases)
62
viruses
- non cellular - not really alive - have DNA or RNA in a capsid - unable to replicate without cell's genome - have extra phase must go intra to reproduce all versus shave both an extra and intra phase
63
types of pathogens
- extra only (can attach to the epithelial surfaces) e.g. - or both e.g. Listeria for ex -ones tha grow in vesicles/cytosol
64
true or false: innate immunity Is germline-encoded
true
65
important features of epithelial cells
- form tight junctions - shed to release pathogens - secrete antimicrobial peptides - secrete mucus
66
how does microbiome protect us against pathogens
- competing with other bacteria for nutrients - our microbiome,e DOES not phagocytose on pathogens - we do not want microbiomme to stimulate inflammation - it forms a protective layer over epithelial cells.
67

Microbiology and Immunology (4 decks)

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