Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology and Immunology > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • takes a while to get going
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

innate immunity

A
  • first responders
  • but both are working together
  • induces adaptive response after getting things going first
  • keep potential pathogens away
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

micorbes

A
  • most are innocuous
  • many are beneficial
  • but small number can cause disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

types of microbes

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • parasaties
  • fungi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

innate immunity functions

A
  • keep pathogens away (barriers)
  • detect and destroy invading pathogens - cells detect and destroy
  • the immune cells secrete molecular messages (cytokines and chemokine) that spread the word to collect an army of cells to go to infection site
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

most pathogens are effectively stopped by innate immunity at an early stage?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

properties of innate immunity

A
  • response time
  • specificty
  • diversity
  • memory responses
  • self/non discrimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

response time

A
  • innate immunity is the first one to act
    (within minutes to hours, response for pathogen)
    -
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

specifity

A
  • receptors
  • innate immunity receptors recognize broad characersitscs of pathogens
  • our immune system has co-evovled with the pathogens to recognize the board characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

diversity

A
  • a limited number of conserved, germ-line-encoded receptors
  • limited diversity of receptors
  • we don’t need a huge number of them because they recognize a broad characteristics of pathogens
  • germ-line encodedg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

germ-line encoded

A
  • specificity of the receptors is encoded in the genomes is passed through the progeny, does not change
  • adaptive immunity receptors are not the same case
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

memory responses

A
  • no memory for innate immunity
  • difference from adaptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

self/nonself discrimination

A
  • good at detecting the broad characteristics of pathogens that are not present in self
  • recognizing between self and non self
  • innate immunity rarely fails at this distincition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

innate immunity is non-adpative

A
  • true
  • at first exposure to pathogen, it acts first and has certain magnitude and speed for response and takes a few days
  • next time it is exposed to same pathogen, acts the same way
  • same response to same pathogen every time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • starts faster when exposed to same pathogen again
  • immunnological memory
  • innate is NOT adaptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

innate immune defences

A
  • anatomical barriers
  • immune cells
  • proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

anatomical barriers

A
  • skin
  • tissues
  • commensal microbiota
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

immune cells

A
  • detect andestory pathogens
  • white blood cells
  • leukocytes: phago and lympho
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

proteins

A

-secreted by cells
- cytokines
- complement proteins
- passes message along to other cells and imitates adaptive immunity through signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mechanical forces

A
  • within the digestive and respiratory tract that keep things flowing and out our systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

epithelia

A
  • digestive tract and resp tract exposed to outside, gi tract
  • main portals of entry
  • layered with epithelia that has specific barriers for protetion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

eptihelial cells characteristis

A
  • tight junctions
  • regneration
  • desquamation
  • secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tight junctions

A

-molecualr structures between epithelial cells
- keep things tight and together
- nothing can sequence between the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

regernation

A
  • regernate quickly to replace dead cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

desquamation

A
  • shedding helps remove attached pathgoens
  • will shed themselves when pathogen attaches
  • pathogen is eliminated with them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

secretions

A
  • enzymes
  • am peptiedes
  • ## mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

first line of defense

A

skin (refer to diagram)

28
Q

corneal layer
(in epidermis)

A
  • keratin shield
  • keratinocytes underneath are specialized epithelial cells that produce and secrete keratin
  • when lose uncle they form the cells of the corneal layer
  • thick, strong layer
29
Q

dermis

A
  • immune cells patrol tissue for anything that may breach the barrier
30
Q

goblet cells

A
  • in respiratory tract
  • produce components of mucus (musings)
  • mucus are secreted to outside of epithelia.
    have cilia
31
Q

cilia

A
  • keeping things flowing
  • mechanical forces prevent the pathogens from entering our tissues
32
Q

CF

A
  • Collapsed cilia
  • thick, dry mucus
  • makes CF lung a perfect environment for bacteria to thrive
  • mutations in CFTR (make less or none)- dry condensed mucus collapses cilia prevents things from flowing
33
Q

mucocilliary clearance

A
  • MCC
  • defective in people with CF
34
Q

GI tract

A
  • paneth cells
  • goblet cells
35
Q

paneth cells

A
  • special epithelial cells
  • secrete defnsins into gut
36
Q

defensins

A
  • am peptides
  • prevent pathogens from going and colonizing in gut
37
Q

important portals of entry for pathogens

A
  • gut and digestive system
38
Q

defective tight junctions

A
  • leaky gut syndrome
  • results in inflammation
  • things filter in
  • disrupt healthy epithlia
  • ## people with IBD (inflammatory bowel disease)
39
Q

chemical defenses

A
  • secreted by eptuherlial cells
  • can be microbicidal or microbiostatic
  • e.g. lysozyme
  • am peptides
40
Q

microbicidalq

A
  • kill pathogen
41
Q

microbiostatic

A
  • prevent pathogen from replication
42
Q

lysozyme

A
  • made in tera, breast milk, saliva
  • effective against gram positive bacteria
  • breaks down peptidoglycan (thick layer in gram positive, easily accessible to lysozyme), exposes the cell membrane, causes lysis
  • glycosidaase
43
Q

am peptides

A
  • human body makes 21 different types (defensives)- other organisms make am peptides as well
  • phoplipid bilayer is negative charge and defensives are positive
  • attraction
  • creates pores, intteruptions to membrane (in bacterium fungi and some viruses)
44
Q

short cationic (pos charge) peptides

A

defensives cathelicidins, histatins

45
Q

microbiome

A
  • pretty much on every point of entry for pathogens
  • is shaped from birth to adulthood (genetic and environmental factors)
  • shifts rapidly at the beginning of life (inoculated with mother’s microbiome)
46
Q

our immune system and microbiome

A
  • we have adapted our immune system to not recognize our microbiome
47
Q

chron’s disease

A
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • chronic inflammation of gut epithelia
  • genetic and environmental factors
  • disrupted microbiome (consequence of disregulated immune system)
  • affects proportion of microbiome that is healthy and altered microbiota can affect the immune system
48
Q

gut microbiome

A
  • important for digestion
  • keeps pathogens from growing
  • competition for nutrients
49
Q

what happens to gut microbiome the u take atnibiotics

A
  • wipes out healthy microbiome in gut
  • opportunistic pathogens that are part of microbiome that were kept in check by healthy gut microbiota
  • clostridium difficiae, resistant to many antibiotics for example can colonize in gut
50
Q

COVID

A
  • disruption of healthy microbiome in gut
  • ## Microbial dysbiosis
51
Q

microbial dysbiosis

A

opportunistic pathogens are able to outgrow the good microbes, cause problems, inflammation, etc

52
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A
  • regular pathogens cause problems healthy individuals
  • these only cause problems in specific conditions
  • e.g. listeria affects immunocomporised, pregnant, people)
  • can be part of microbiome but are kept in check by other members of micriobiome- but when things change
53
Q

barriers work together (at same time)

A
  • epithelial cells
  • tight junctions
  • goblet cells
  • am proteins are in the inner mucus layer
54
Q

pathogens can breach

A
  • might make mcuus binding proteins to attach to mucus
  • flagella to swim through mucus
  • secreted musinases to break down the musin
  • things to attach the cells, and internalize cells to come into our tissues
55
Q

when barriers fail

A
  • barriers breached
  • infection (in our tissues)
56
Q

uropathogenic escherichia colipa

A

-nhave little hair like structures that adhere to surface of pethelial cells of urinary tract
- can case UTIS

57
Q

pathogens in tissues

A
  • can be contra or extracellular
58
Q

extracellular

A

interstitial spaces (between cells), blood, lymph, epithelial surfaces (e.g. U Coli),

59
Q

intracellular

A
  • cytoplasmic (grow in cytoplasm)
  • vesicular (grow in vesicles)
60
Q

all known pathogens

A

have extracellular phase. only some have intracellular phase. immune system has diff strategies to deal with both of these

61
Q

bacteria

A
  • nuclei that is not membrane bound
  • duplicate by binary fission (duplicate their contents, split to two cells)
  • most live extraveullaurly
  • some intracellular bacteria (both extra and intra phases)
62
Q

viruses

A
  • non cellular
  • not really alive
  • have DNA or RNA in a capsid
  • unable to replicate without cell’s genome
  • have extra phase must go intra to reproduce
    all versus shave both an extra and intra phase
63
Q

types of pathogens

A
  • extra only (can attach to the epithelial surfaces) e.g.
  • or both e.g. Listeria for ex
    -ones tha grow in vesicles/cytosol
64
Q

true or false: innate immunity Is germline-encoded

A

true

65
Q

important features of epithelial cells

A
  • form tight junctions
  • shed to release pathogens
  • secrete antimicrobial peptides
  • secrete mucus
66
Q

how does microbiome protect us against pathogens

A
  • competing with other bacteria for nutrients
  • our microbiome,e DOES not phagocytose on pathogens
  • we do not want microbiomme to stimulate inflammation
  • it forms a protective layer over epithelial cells.
67
Q
A

Microbiology and Immunology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions