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mcat bio lectures > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a virus and what is it made up of

A

a virus is a obligate intracellular parasite and it is made up of protein (capsid) and nucleic acid (genome)

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2
Q

what are the two basic steps of the viral life cycles and define them

A
  1. Attachment or Adsorption: it specifically binds to cell surface marker and host has yet to be infected
  2. Injection or Penetration: virus propels its genome into host and host is now infected
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3
Q

what is the speed of the lytic life cycle of a virus? what are the steps

A

the speed is very quick and it kills host too quickly.
the steps: 1. transcribe and translates the viral genome
2. creates pool of DNA building blocks or dNTPs to be used to replicate the viral genome
3. replicate the viral genome
4. lysis of host and release of new viral particles

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4
Q

what is the speed of the lysogenic cycle of a virus? what are the steps

A

this process takes longer and it doesnt kill the host
1. integrate viral genome with host genome
2. host cell activity continues to allow more reproduction of viral DNA
3. if cell is under stress (it will die), the virus may excise itself (leave) and it is required for the repressed gene to turn off.

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5
Q

what is transduction in viral reproduction

A

transfer of host DNA to new host via lysogenic virus

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6
Q

what is the productive cycle

A

this is similar to the lytic cycle but without the lysis. there is budding (exocytosis) and can only occur with animal cells as they do not have cell walls. the virus becomes enveloped with host membrane to avoid immune system detection.

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7
Q

what are the advantages to the productive cycle? the disadvantages?

A

advantages: 1. more viral particles are produced bc no cell death 2. envelope allows to evade immune system 3. easier infection because virus taken up as a whole
disadvantages: no DNA building blocks

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8
Q

what is +RNA and what can it do?

A

it is mRNA and due to this, it can immediately be translated using hosts RIBOSOMES

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9
Q

what does +RNA NEED to code for

A

RNA dependent which reads RNA and RNA polymerase which makes RNA

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10
Q

what is -RNA and what can it do?

A

Negative-sense viral RNA is complementary to mRNA and thus must be converted to positive-sense RNA by an RNA polymerase before translation

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11
Q

what are prions and how can they occur

A

prions are infectious misfolded proteins that have NO dna or rna or any organelles or anything like that because theyre proteins. they can occur by inheritance, injection, or arise from a mutation in a gene

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12
Q

what are the two types of prions

A

normal prions: have neuroprotective effect and mutant prions: cause neuro holes

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13
Q

what are viroid’s and how do they replicate

A

viroids are circular RNA with no capsid proteins and MUST be coinfected with a virus, they do not code for any proteins and they act as a miRNA and siRNA to block translation. they replicate by circularizing host RNA

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14
Q

what is a round shaped bacteria called

A

coccus

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15
Q

what is a rod shaped bacteria called

A

bacillus

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16
Q

what is a spiral shaped bacteria called

A

spirochet or spirellum

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17
Q

what is the suffix for a flagella

A

trichous

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18
Q

what is the suffix for one flagella? multiple? one on each side of bacteria?

A

one flagella is monotrichous, multiple is peritrichous, one on each side is amphitrichous

19
Q

what is bacterial cell wall made up of

A

glycoprotein

20
Q

what is the periplasmic space and what is an important charcateristic

A

this space is all the membranes surrounding the cytosol and holds Antigen degenerative enzymes

21
Q

gram +

A

stains dark purple , bacteria has thick cell wall and staining binds to petidoglycan

22
Q

gram -

A

stains lighter pink, they are more antibiotic resistant than gram positive

23
Q

what are bacteria living in medium temps, hot temps, and cold temps

A

medium temps: mesophiles
hot temps: thermophiles
cold temps: psychrophiles

24
Q

what is a bacteria that uses oxygen called

A

obligate aerobe, without oxygen they die

25
Q

what is a faculative anaerobe

A

they use oxygen when present and when its not present it ferments

26
Q

what is a tolerant anaerobe

A

when oxygen is present is doesnt use it but doesnt die, when oxygen is absent, it survives just fine

27
Q

what is a obligate anaerobe

A

when oxygen is present, it dies, when its absent it survives

28
Q

what does suffix troph mean

A

relate to nutrients

29
Q

what is photo prefix? chemo prefix?

A

photo= sunlight into ATP chemo= oxidize other stuff to ATP

30
Q

where the carbonchains come from: auto prefix and hetero prefix

A

auto= makes own carbon chains from CO2 hetero= eats things and steals their carbon

31
Q

anything with - means

A

they cant produce or tolerate, -arg , -lac, etc

32
Q

what are plants and photosynthetic bacteria called

A

photoautotrophs

33
Q

what are animals and humans called

A

chemoheterotrophs

34
Q

what is binary fission and its characteristics

A

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies and its characteristics are no genetic variability, huge increase in population size, and growth is S shaped

35
Q

what are the phases in a binary fission graph

A

lag phase, log phase, stationary phase and death

36
Q

what is special about the stationary phase

A

you can rescue a colony by changing environment to enhance carry capacity

37
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

max number of organisms an environment can support

38
Q

conjugation and its characteristics

A

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact, characteristics no change in population size but increase in genetic activity

39
Q

what is the f plasmid

A

DNA that exist outside the normal genome

40
Q

what occurs when a female bacterium officially gets the f plasmid

A

they become male

41
Q

how does a bacteria get new DNA , three ways

A

conjugation, transduction, transformation

42
Q

bacterium adding a different bacterium

A

creates new strain and this is conjugation

43
Q

bacterium adding lysogenic virus

A

creates new strain and this is transduction

44
Q

bacterium adding naked purified DNA

A

creates new strain and this is transformation

mcat bio lectures (5 decks)

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