lecture 2

Question 1

what is oxidation? reduction?

Answer 1

gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, and loss of electrons for oxidation, for reduction its the opposite: loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen, and gain of electrons.

Question 2

determine is oxidation or reduction?
1) NAD+ to NADH
2) FADH2 to FAD
3) FE2+ to FE3+

Answer 2

1. reduction gain of H 2. oxidation loss of H 3. oxidation loss of E-

Question 3

what is the formula of cellular respiration and what is being reduced and oxidized

Answer 3

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O where C6H12O6 is getting oxidized and 6O2 is being reduced

Question 4

In glycolysis, where does this process take place? does it need O2?

Answer 4

glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm and does not need O2

Question 5

what are the result of glycolysis?

Answer 5

You have net ATP: 2, NADH:2 and 2 pyruvate

Question 6

what are the result of PDC/Krebs cycle?

Answer 6

You make 1 GTP, 3 NADH (2.5 ATP to make each), 1 FADH2 (1.5 ATP to make each) and 2 molecules of CO2

Question 7

How many atp does each FADH2 and NADH require

Answer 7

FADH2= 1.5 ATP NADH= 2.5

Question 8

What are the main goals of electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 8

to oxidize (empty) the electron carriers and make useable energy ATP

Question 9

Where does NADH and FADH2 start on the electron transport chain? what does this mean in terms of energy produced?

Answer 9

NADH starts at the first protein pump while FADH2 starts at the second protein pump making FADH2 create less energy

Question 10

can electrons pass through membranes? if yes how, if no, how?

Answer 10

they cannot because they are charged so they use the ATP synthase to be pumped back into the matrix

Question 11

what are the six protein pumps involved in ETC?

Answer 11

1. coenzyme Q reductase 2. CoQ 3.Cytochrome C reductase 4. cytocrome C 5. cytochrome oxidase 6. ATP synthase

Question 12

if there is no oxygen, what processes can/cannot occur

Answer 12

NO ETC, Krebs, or PDC

Question 13

when does glycolysis occur? glyconeogenesis?

Answer 13

glycolysis occurs when you have high glucose and low ATP, gluconeogenesis occurs when you have low glucose and high atp

Question 14

glycogenesis vs gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

Gluconeogenesis involves the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, whereas, glycogenesis refers to glycogen formation from carbohydrates.

Question 15

reciprocal regulation and examples

Answer 15

definition: the same molecule regulates 2 opposing enzymes in opposite ways ex. ATP inhibits PFK to down regulate glycolysis while AtP also activates F1,6 to activate PFK and up regulate glycolysis while citrate inhibits glycolysis

Question 16

what do insulin and glucagon regulate for certain metabolic pathways?

Answer 16

insulin affects fru2,6biphos up regulating glycolysis up PFK and glucagon affects fruc2,6bipho up regulating gluconeogenesis down PFK

Question 17

glycogenesis

Answer 17

high blood sugar and insulin is produced, this is when glucose monomers get converted to glucose polymers stores mainly in LIVER

Question 18

glycogenolysis

Answer 18

low blood sugar and glucagon and epinephrine are produced. this is when glycogen gets converted to glucose monomers

Question 19

what does the pentose phosphate pathway create?

Answer 19

NADPH which helps reduce reactive oxygen species and is a reducing power for fatty acids and ribose-5-phosphate which is a building block for nucleotide synthesis

Question 20

what kind of fats produce the most energy? what state of a molecule will cause less energy?

Answer 20

saturated fats make the most energy and the more oxidized a molecule is, the less energy is produced

Question 21

Where is FA oxidation occur, what coenzymes are used and energy is used

Answer 21

FA oxidative occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, it is associated with COA and coenzymes are NAD and FAD EMPTY ELECTRON CARRIERS, it uses small amount of atp to start and produces atp

Question 22

Where is FA synthesis occur, what coenzymes are used and energy is used

Answer 22

FA synthesis occurs in the cytocol and is linked to ACP, the coenzyme is NADPH REDUCING POWER and requires alot of atp

Question 23

six steps of ketogenesis

Answer 23

1. LONG term starvation, blood sugar falls
2. to meet energy demands, fats are oxidized to form acetyl COA
   3.levels of acetyl coa increase
3. some COA goes into krebs cycle
4. remaining coa reacts together to form ketone bodies
5. ketone bodies can enter brain and be reconverted to acetyl coa and is the PRIMARY source of energy for brain in startvation

Question 24

what is the process of protein catabolism

Answer 24

protein from diet gets turned into individual AA’s by proteases then broken down further into amino group and carbon skeleton. the amino group turns into nitrogenous compounds or goes into urea cycle (waste) and the carbon skeleton turns into glucogenic AA’s or ketogenic AA’s

Question 25

ETC/oxidative phosphorylation where does this process take place? does it need O2?

Answer 25

ETC occurs in inner mitochondrial matrix and does need O2 direct way

Question 26

krebs cycle where does this process take place? does it need O2?