Lecture 4

Question 1

donut model

Answer 1

depicts social needs meeting planetary boundaries

central hole is challenges of people missing vital components of life
ex food, water, health, income, education, equality

outer crest is challenges of ecological ceiling
ex climate change, biodiversity loss, ozone depletion, freshwater use

middle space is the safe and just space for humanity

Question 2

human development index

Answer 2

measures development through people and capabilities not just economic growth
based on health (life expectancy
education (mean and expected years of schooling)
income (gross national income)

𝐻𝐷𝐼 = (𝐼𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑡ℎ x 𝐼𝐸𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 x 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚e)^1/3

Question 3

economic sustainability

Answer 3

considers environ and soc
efficient systems at low cost
minimize waste

Question 4

individual improvements

Answer 4

thrift
circular economy

buy local
reduce carbon footprint
reduce embodied energy

Question 5

embodied energy

Answer 5

sum of all the energy consumed in the life-cycle of a material

materials, design, production, transport, use, and disposal

Question 6

circular economy

Answer 6

maintains resources by returning them to the production cycle
“closes loop”
repair, reuse, remanufacture, recycle

Question 7

linear economy

Answer 7

take-make-dispose

extract new resources > make products > consume > dispose as waste

Question 8

benefits of circular

Answer 8

improves resource efficiency
reduces GHGs
reduces fossil fuel demand
waste valorization
reduces negative impacts of extraction
restores biodiversity
eco-environmental sustainability