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GERR > Lecture 35: Renal System Microanatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 35: Renal System Microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what anatomical structures make up the renal system

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

what is the function of the kidneys

A

filter the blood to form filtrate

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3
Q

how many lobes does a kidney have

A

10-18 lobes (multilobar)

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4
Q

what is each lobe of the kidney divided into

A
  • outer cortex

- inner medulla w/ renal papilla (apex)

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5
Q

describe how urine passes from papillae to medulla

A

papillae –> minor calyces –> major calyces –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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6
Q

how can you distinguish between cortex and medulla histologically

A
  • cortex appears more granulated

- medulla appears more striated

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7
Q

why does the cortex appear more granulated histologically

A

rounded shape of renal corpuscles

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8
Q

what is the renal corpuscle comprised of

A
  • Bowman’s capsule

- glomerulus

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9
Q

what structures make up the nephron

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
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10
Q

what is the role of the nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and excretion

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11
Q

why is it important that each kidney has so many nephrons (1.5million)

A

loss or dysfunction of a nephron is irreversible

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12
Q

name the two epitheliums of the Bowman’s capsule

A
  • parietal (outer)

- visceral (inner, in contact with glomerulus)

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13
Q

what specialised cell type makes up the visceral epi of Bowman’s capsule

A

podocytes

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14
Q

through which vessel does blood enter glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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15
Q

through which vessel does blood exit glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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16
Q

describe the significance of the efferent arteriole lumen being narrower than the afferent arteriole

A
  • blood can’t leave glomerulus as fast as it enters
  • causes blood to back up in the glomerulus
  • increases the pressure of blood entering the glomerulus
  • increased filtration
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17
Q

what cells make up the juxtaglomerular complex/apparatus

A
  • macula densa
  • juxtaglomerular cells
  • lacis cells
18
Q

what is the role of the macula densa in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • chemoreceptor cells of DCT

- sensitive to Na+ conc.

19
Q

describe the role of the juxtaglomerular cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • specialised smooth muscle in tunica media of AA
  • secrete renin that induces release of ang2
  • causes constriction of EA which adjusts GFR
20
Q

describe the blood supply to the nephron

A

renal artery

  • -> interlobar a.
  • -> arcuate a.
  • -> cortical radial/ interlobular a.
  • -> afferent arterioles
  • -> glomeruli
  • -> efferent arterioles
  • -> peritubular/intertubular caps
  • -> venous return (parallels arterial flow)
21
Q

what does the blood-filtration barrier consist of

A
  • fenestrated endothelium of glomerular caps
  • fused basal laminae
  • pedicles of podocytes
22
Q

describe the structure of a podocyte

A
  • nucleus
  • primary processes
  • secondary processes
  • filtration slits
23
Q

describe the lining of the PCT

A
  • simple cuboidal epi
  • numerous microvilli
  • basal invaginations w/ sodium complexes
24
Q

function of the PCT

A
  • reabsorb water, K+, ions, glucose, a.a. etc
25
Q

at what part of the nephron does most glomerular filtrate get reabsorbed

A

PCT - 70%

26
Q

describe the lining of the loop of Henle

A
  • thin portion lined by simple squamous epi

- thick portion lined by simple cuboidal epi

27
Q

what is the function of the loop of Henle

A

special permeability properties for concentrating urine by counter current multiplier

28
Q

what vessels are parallel to loop of Henle

A

vasa recta branches of efferent arteriole

29
Q

describe the lining of the DCT

A

cuboidal cells w/ few/no microvilli

30
Q

which is more convoluted; PCT or DCT

A

PCT

31
Q

what vessels wrap around the DCT

A

peritubular/intertubular caps from efferent arteriole

32
Q

describe the lining of the collecting ducts

A

simple cuboidal/columnar epi

33
Q

outline the flow of filtrate through the CD

A

collecting tubules

  • -> collecting ducts
  • -> ducts of Bellini
  • -> deliver urine to papillae
34
Q

describe the lining of the renal calyces and renal pelvis

A

lined by transitional epi (2-3 cells thick)

35
Q

do the renal calyces and renal pelvis contain muscle, why

A

yes

peristaltic contractions (smooth muscle) promote emptying of tubules into the calyces

36
Q

what is the function of the ureters

A

transport urine to the bladder by peristalsis

37
Q

describe the lining of the ureters

A

transitional epi (4-5 cells thick) w/ underlying lamina propria containing elastic fibres

38
Q

describe the lumen of the ureter

A

stellate

39
Q

describe the smooth muscle in the ureter vs renal pelvis

A

Renal Pelvis:

  • well developed
  • ill defined layers

Ureters:

  • well developed
  • ill defined layers EXCEPT
  • better defined in distal end where there is an extra layer of longitudinal fibres
40
Q

what is the function of the bladder

A

reservoir for both storage and expulsion of urine into the urethra

41
Q

describe the lining of the bladder

A
  • transitional epi (6-8 cells thick when contracted)
  • can be called urothelium
  • specialised cells called umbrella cells
42
Q

other than lining, describe the wall of the bladder histologically

A
  • underlying lamina propria w/ bv and fibroelastic CT

- smooth muscle –> 3 large distinct layers

GERR (46 decks)

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