Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

B&B Week 7 Flashcards > Lecture 33: Mood and Mood Disorders Part 1, MDD > Flashcards

Lecture 33: Mood and Mood Disorders Part 1, MDD Flashcards

1
Q

What are the DSM-IVTR Mood Disorders?

A
  1. Bipolar Disorder
  2. Major Depressive Disorder
  3. Cyclothymia
  4. Dysthymic Disorder
  5. Other mood disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

Complex biopsychosocial illnesses

- many symptom domains reflect areas of brain dysfunction or over-function
- genetic risk may be transmitted
- mental and psychosocial phenomena have neurobio correlates and consequences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are neurobiological correlates of mood?

A

i. increasing understanding of normal emotional, vegetative and behavioral responeses
ii. general shift from focus of monoamines and neuroendocrinologic factors towards imaging of circuitry and measurement of gene products, like peptides and cytokines
iii. neurobiologic correlates of affective illness may change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is mood?

A

Mood = a composite of one’s sense of well-being

  • involves cognitive, emotional and behavioral components
  • important differences in mood “set-points” among individuals (genetic and learned)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is sadness?

A

A NORMAL human emotion that accompanies loss or defeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between sadness and “Clinical Depression”?

A

Sadness should be:

- transient or shorter-lived
- readily understandable in context (“I’d feel that way too…”)
- should not cause significant impairment
- should not be associated with a full syndrome associated signs and symptoms
- should be relieved by activities that help engage in desired activities or distract from the negative thoughts/feelings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the spectrum of sadness and Mood Disorders?

A
  1. Normal Sadness
  2. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood (hasn’t crossed the threshold to become a syndrome)
  3. Grief
  4. Major Depressive Episode (mild-moderate)
  5. Major Depressive Episode, Severe with Melancholic Features
  6. Major Depressive Episode, Severe with Psychotic Features
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the criteria for major depressive episode?

A
  1. Sad, low or blue mood – most days for at least 2 weeks OR
  2. Pervasive loss of interest and diminished pleasure (anhedonia)
    Plus at least 4 of following
  3. Fatigue or low energy
  4. Insomnia or sypersomnia
  5. Loss of appetite or increased appetite or weight gain
  6. Psychomotor retardation or agitation
  7. Poor concentration
  8. Suicidal Ideation
  9. Pathological Guilt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the clinically important subforms of MDD?

A
  1. Neurotic depression (anger turned inward)
    • no longer in the nomenclature
  2. Melancholia (endogenous depression, opposite of neurotic depression)
  3. Atypical depression (strongly female predominant, chronic)
  4. Seasonal depression (fall-winter onset)
    - can treat with bright light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are clinically important forms of depression?

A
  1. Psychotic depression

2. Chronic depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is psychotic depression?

A

Most severe form of MDD, characterized by delusions and hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is chronic depression?

A

Defined by a duration of symptoms for TWO YEARS or superimposition of a major depressive episode on antecedent dysthymia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

Mild Chronic Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Depressive Disorders: Epidemiology:

A
  1. Lifetime risk: 10-20% (culture dependent)
  2. Risk increased during times of stressful life events
  3. risk in women: 1.5-2.0 times greater than men
  4. Heritable (about two-fold greater risk)
  5. Risk of chronicity: ~30% will be ill for >2 years
  6. risk of recurrence: >75% will have multiple episodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the age of onset for MDD?

A

Around 30, maybe younger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the comorbidity of MDD?

A

Anxiety

Substance abuse disorders

17
Q

What is Neurosthenia?

A

Suffering without being able to put that shit into words

18
Q

Is marriage protective for men or women in depression?

A

Men

19
Q

What is the “Kindling” Phenomenon?

A

The more depression you have, the less it has to do with stressful life events
As you have more depressive episodes
There is an INCREASE risk of depression
And
LESS association with stressful life events
A “kindling” to the depressive state

20
Q

What is the significance of 5-HTT?

A

What are the two factors that lead to depression?

21
Q

What are the two factors that lead to depression?

A
  1. Stress
  2. genetic variation
    • 5HTT polymorphism
    • BDNF polymorphism
22
Q

What are the areas of brain that are most pertinent in MDD?

A

Nucleus accumbens and Anterior Cingulate Cortex

-less activity in depression

23
Q

What is the purpose of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?

A

Plays a role in rational cognitive functions such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy and emotion
-integrates EMOTIONAL stimuli and ATTENTIONAL function

24
Q

What does your mood state do to your ability to draw upon memories?

A

The worse your mood, the worse the memories you draw upon in hippocampus lol

25
Q

What type of cortical variation do you see in patients with MDD?

A

SMALLER hippocampal volumes
32% have SMALLER medial orbitofrontal cortices (MOFC)
-more activity in amygdala and VLPFC
-less activity in ACC and nucleus accumbens

26
Q

How do you cause cortex to shrink without cell death?

A

Stress could cause decreased connectivity and a constricting effect on the NEUTROPIL

27
Q

What happens when you are chronically stressed?

A

Chronic activation of the stress-response system causes a variety of adverse effects in the brain and mediates many of the physiologic and behavioral responses in depression
Example: increased despair = decreased sex, sleep, eating, immune function
Increased BP, HR, blood sugar

28
Q

What is the association between the HPA axis and depression?

A

Depressed patients have HPA HYPERACTIVITY

CRF is hypersecreted to mediate some behavioral symptoms of depression

29
Q

What does stress and depression do?

A

Result in neuronal atrophy and cell death caused by LESS BDNF activity

30
Q

What is BDNF? Significance?

A

Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor
-critical for growth and function of the nervous system
-expressed in neurons and glia
-as well as learning and memory
Less BDNF = more depression
BDNF polymorphism = decreased hippocampal volume

31
Q

What do antidepressants do?

A

They normalize BDNF levels
Decrease Glucocorticoid levels
Leads to neuronal survival
This is because serotonin and other monoamines may be involved in regulating synthesis/release of BDNF

32
Q

What happens to BDNF level once you treat MDD?

A

You may restore BDNF function

33
Q

What is depression a risk factor for?

A

Post-MI mortality
Nursing Home Survival
Poor stroke recovery

34
Q

What are the two polymorphisms to keep an eye on for MDD?

A

5-HTT polymorphism = less serotonin = more depression from stress
BDNF polymorphism = less BDNF = more neuronal death = more depression

35
Q

When someone has an enlarged ACC, what are depression implications?

A

Greater volume and activity of ACC
Associated with faster treatment response
So treat early

B&B Week 7 Flashcards (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions