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BMS 460 FINAL > Lecture 31 > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Flashcards

1
Q

GH releasing Hormone (GHRH) targets what cell?

A

Somatotrope

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2
Q

GH releasing Hormone causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(+) GH

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3
Q

Somatostatin (SRIF) targets what cells?

A

Somatotrope and Thyrotrope

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4
Q

Somatostatin (SRIF) causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(-) GH and (-) TSH

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5
Q

Dopamine targets what cells?

A

Lactotrope

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6
Q

Dopamine causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(-) PRL

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7
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) targets what cells?

A

Lactotrope

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8
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(+) PRL and (+) TSH

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9
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) target what cells?

A

Gonadotropes

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10
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(+) FSH and (+) LH

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11
Q

Corticotropin Rel. Horm. (CRH) target what cells?

A

Corticotrope

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12
Q

Corticotropin Rel. Horm. (CRH) causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(+) ACTH

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13
Q

Function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

To provide blood to the hypothalamus and pituitary

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14
Q

Function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

Provides the pituitary gland signals from the hypothalamus

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15
Q

The major nuclei of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

Paraventricular (PVN) and Supraoptic (SON)

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16
Q

The nuclei that secretes oxytocin

A

Paraventricular (PVN)

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17
Q

The nuclei that secrete anti-diuretic hormone

A

Supraoptic (SON)

18
Q

Other terms for anti-diuretic hormone

A

(ADH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)

19
Q

The carrier proteins of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

neurophysin

20
Q

The structure in which neurophysin accumulates in

A

axon dilations called Herring bodies

21
Q

Target tissues of Vasopressin (ADH)

A

Kidney and vasculature

22
Q

Target tissues of Oxytocin

A

Mammary gland and uterus

23
Q

The two major cell types that release hormones into the blood (hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system)

A

Acidophils and Basophils

24
Q

Acidophil cells (percent in hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system) - hormone

A

Somatotropes (45%) - Growth Hormone
Lactotropes (25%) - Prolactin (PRL)

25
Q

Basophil cells (percent in hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system) - hormone

A

Thyrotropes (5%) - Thyrotropin (TSH)
Gonadotropes (5%) - Follitropin (FSH) or Luteotropin (LH)
Corticotropes (20%) - Cotricotropin (ACTH) or Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

26
Q

How does hormonal activity work through the body? (Hint: start at synthesis and end at biological effect)

A

Hormone synthesis is used to control gene expresion

Hormones are stored before being secreted (requires either a specific or non-specific secretion stimulus)

The hormones are then transported to either a target cell receptor or back to secretion cells/cells that perform hormone synthesis for feed-back control.

The target cell binds to the hormone and starts off a signal-transduction pathway, which then kicks off the biological effect

27
Q

How can transport of hormones differ from taking the hormone straight to the target cell?

A
  1. Metabolism: the hormones are inactivated and recycled via digestion
  2. Excretion: the hormones exit the biological system
28
Q

What are the three functions of hormone receptors?

A

Synthesis, modification, and metabolism

29
Q

What is the order of pulsatile release of GnRH and the gonadotropins?

A

GnRH
FSH
LH

30
Q

Releasing factor pathway of hormones

A

Hypothalamus -> pituitary gland, releases hormone A -> target organ, releases hormone B

31
Q

Inhibiting factor pathway of hormones

A

Hormone B inhibits the pituitary gland and hypothalamus directly. Pituitary gland is also inhibited indirectly due to hypothalamus being inhibited.

32
Q

Names for Oxytocin

A
  • Love hormone
  • Divorce hormone (based on defective oxytocin hormone)
33
Q

Oxytocin effects other than love

A

Oxytocin repairs and maintains old muscle.

34
Q

How does ADH interact with its target tissue in physiologically normal conditions?

A

ADH binds to vasopressin II receptor on collecting duct cells -> cAMP-mediated translocation of aquaporin-2 to apical surface -> increased permeability to water

35
Q

What happens in the absence of ADH?

A
  • Water cannot be reabsorbed
  • Hyperosmolality (increased solute)
  • Hypernatremia (high plasma [Na+])
  • polyuria (excessive volume of urine + frequency of urination)
  • Polydipsia (thirst and increasing drinking) occur
36
Q

How does alcohol affect ADH?

A

Inhibits release from Supraoptic Nuclei & acts as an antagonist for ADH in kidneys, which prevents aquaporins from binding to the collecting ducts

37
Q

How does pregnancy affect ADH?

A

Placenta secretes vasopressinase resulting in features of both central and nephrogenic DI. (Plasma level falls after delivery)

38
Q

Main causes of central diabetes insipidus

A
  • Tumors
  • Trauma
  • Surgery
39
Q

Main causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A
  • Renal diseases
  • ADH-unresponsive kidney (ex. DM)
  • Drugs (lithium based) -> lower cAMP
40
Q

What does SIADH mean?

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion

41
Q

How does SIADH compare to diabetes insipidus?

A

SIADH acts in the opposite way in terms of ADH secretion:
- High levels of ADH secretion or AVP-like substances
- Urine osmolality is inappropriately high (kidneys salvage large volumes of water.
- Total body water increases, hypo-osomolar, and hyponatremia.

42
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Two mechanisms:
1. Dilution of plasma
2. increased excretion of Na+ by the kidney (usually because of expanded blasma volume, which enhances filtration and reduces reabsorption)

BMS 460 FINAL (11 decks)

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