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AP EXAM 5 > LECTURE 31 11/17/22 (LECTURE 17 SLIDES: RENAL PHYSIOLOGY) > Flashcards

LECTURE 31 11/17/22 (LECTURE 17 SLIDES: RENAL PHYSIOLOGY) Flashcards

1
Q

How many nephrons do we have in each kidney?

A

1 million nephrons in each kidney.

2 million nephrons total. (8:40)

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2
Q

What is the total amount of fluid filtered at the glomerular capillaries each hour in a healthy individual?

A

7500 ml/hr

125 ml/min x 60 minutes/hr = 7500 ml/hr (9:00)

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3
Q

How many cubic centimeters are there in one deciliter?

What is the normal GFR in dL/min?

What is the reason for using dL?

A

100 cc to 1 dL

1.25 dL/min (9:50)

Most of our blood work is done in deciliters. (10:00)

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4
Q

What percentage of our glucose is reabsorbed in the kidney for a completely healthy person?

A

100% (11:30)

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5
Q

What are the forces that favor filtration at the glomerular capillaries?

What are the forces that oppose filtration at the glomerular capillaries?

What is the net filtration pressure at the glomerular capillaries?

A

Force Favoring Filtration:
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (60 mmHg)

Forces Opposing Filtration:
Bowman’s Capsule/ Proximal Tubule Hydrostatic Pressure (18 mmHg)
Glomerular Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure ( 32 mmHg)

Net Filtration Pressure = +10 mmHg favoring filtration
(60 - 18 - 32 = 10 mmHg)
(13:25)

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6
Q

Why is the glomerular hydrostatic pressure double the amount of hydrostatic pressure in the systemic circulation?

A

The pressure is higher in the glomerular capillaries is due to less resistance between the renal artery and the glomerular capillaries. (15:00)

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7
Q

As we move along the capillary bed, what is the trend of the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure?

What is the average capillary osmotic pressure?

A

Glomerular Colloid Osmotic Pressure starts at 28 mmHg at the afferent end and increases to 36 mmHg at the efferent end. (17:50)

32 mmHg

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8
Q

Why does the Glomerular Colloid Osmotic Pressure increase as we go toward the efferent end?

A

The reason for this increase is because there is a ton of fluid being filtered out at the capillaries leaving behind the proteins. The concentrated proteins will increase colloid osmotic pressure. (19:00)

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9
Q

Under normal conditions, what is the pressure of the Bowman’s capsule/PCT colloid osmotic pressure?

A

0 mmHg (22:00)

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10
Q

What happens to the glomerular hydrostatic pressure if there is constriction of the afferent arteriole? What happens to GFR? Renal Blood Flow?

What happens to the glomerular hydrostatic pressure if there is dilation of the afferent arteriole? What happens to GFR? Renal Blood Flow?

A

Decrease hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary. Decrease GFR. Decrease Renal Blood Flow.

Increase hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary. Increase GFR. Increase Renal Blood Flow. (25:00)

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11
Q

Within the renal circulation, where do we encounter the most resistance?

A

Most resistance is encountered in the efferent arteriole

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12
Q

What happens to the glomerular hydrostatic pressure if there is constriction of the efferent arteriole? What happens to GFR? Renal Blood Flow?

What happens to the glomerular hydrostatic pressure if there is dilation of the efferent arteriole? What happens to GFR? Renal Blood Flow?

A

Increase hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary. Increase GFR. Decrease Renal Blood Flow.

Decrease hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary. Decrease GFR. Increase Renal Blood Flow.

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13
Q

What happens to glomerular colloid osmotic pressure as filtration fraction increases?

What happens to glomerular colloid osmotic pressure as filtration fraction decreases?

A

Increase in glomerular colloid osmotic pressure/concentration.

Decrease in glomerular colloid osmotic pressure/concentration.

(40:00)

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14
Q

What is a normal renal blood flow?

What is our Renal Plasma Flow?

A

1 Liter/ minute, approximately 20% of cardiac output. (43:00)

Renal Plasma Flow = 0.6 x Renal Blood Flow = 600 mL/minute (97:40)

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15
Q

Out of 1L, how much of our blood is is RBC?

How much of our blood is plasma?

How many mL of our plasma is filtered?

What percentage of renal blood flow is filtered?

A

400 mL (40%)

600 mL (60%)

125 mL (20% of plasma volume going through the kidneys)

12.5% (125 mL out of 1000 mL)
(46:00)

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16
Q

What is our urine flow rate?

A

1 mL/minute (49:37)

17
Q

What fraction of our filtration is reabsorbed early at the PCT?

A

2/3 (50:00)

18
Q

What is the normal level of serum glucose?

A

100 mg/dL (51:30)

19
Q

What two things mentioned in lecture could be used to measure renal function?

A

Inulin and Creatinine (58:00)

20
Q

What produces creatinine?

In a healthy individual, what is the concentration of creatinine?

Does the body reabsorb creatinine?

What happens to the concentration of creatinine as it goes towards the collecting duct?

A

Creatinine is produced at a set rate by the skeletal muscles (1.25 mg/min)

1 mg/dL

No. Since creatinine is a muscle waste product, it does not get reabsorbed.

Creatinine concentration increases.

21
Q

What is the normal amount of creatinine in 1 dL of urine?

A

125 mg of creatinine per 1 dL of urine (68:00)

22
Q

What is the formula for Renal Clearance?

A

Cx = (V · Ux) / Px

Clearance of Compound X = (Urinary Flow Rate * Urinary Concentration of Compound X) / Plasma Concentration of Compound X

23
Q

What two factors contribute to reabsorption in the peritubular capillaries?

A
  1. Low blood pressure at the peritubular capillaries.
  2. Increase in Glomerular Colloid Osmotic Pressure.
    (93:00)
24
Q

What is the formula for filtration fraction?

What are ways to increase filtration fraction?

What are ways to decrease filtration fraction?

A

Filtration Fraction= Glomerular Filtration Rate / Renal Plasma Flow

Increase GFR or Decrease in RPF will increase FF.

Decrease GFR or Increase in RPF will decrease FF.

(99:00)

25
Q

What diagnostic compound, secreted by the kidneys, is filtered and removed via secretion?

A

PAH (Para-AminoHippurate Acid)

26
Q

PAH clearance is equal to ________.

A

Renal Plasma Flow
(appx 600 cc/min)

27
Q

What is an exogenous compound used to measure renal function?

A

Inulin (112:15)

28
Q

The renal blood flow auto regulation is done primarily through the manipulation of __________ tone.

How does this respond to high blood pressure?

How does this respond to low blood pressure?

A

Afferent Arteriole (114:00)

Kidneys will constrict afferent arterioles to help decrease renal blood flow and prevent over perfusion.

The kidneys will relax the afferent arterioles to prevent under perfusion.

AP EXAM 5 (6 decks)

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