Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP EXAM 5 > LECTURE 30 11/14/22 (LECTURE 17 SLIDES: RENAL PHYSIOLOGY) > Flashcards

LECTURE 30 11/14/22 (LECTURE 17 SLIDES: RENAL PHYSIOLOGY) Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys are long term regulators for what 6 factors?

A
  1. Blood Pressure
  2. pH
  3. RBC (Hematocrit)
  4. Electrolyte
  5. Vitamin D
  6. Serum Glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do kidneys regulate BP?

A

If the kidneys sense a drop in BP, they will hold on to fluids and electrolytes to expand blood volume.

If pressure is too high, kidneys diurese and get rid volume.

**Typically if we have hypertension, there’s something wrong with our kidneys.

(07:28)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a short term regulator of pH?

How does this system work?

A

Respiratory System

With low pH, the respiratory system will increase ventilation to blow off CO2.

(8:00)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What polyatomic ion is produced in the kidneys?

How does this product regulate pH?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-), long term regulator of blood pH.

If our blood pH is low (acidic), the kidneys can produce and reabsorb bicarb which combines with hydrogen ions to form water and carbon dioxide. CO2 is blown off from the lungs.

(9:30)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percent of our whole blood is not Hematocrit?

A

60% of our whole blood is not Hematocrit.

40% (0.4) of our whole blood is Hematocrit.

(10:09)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Kidney is the source of what hormone that causes red blood cells to be produced? (full name)?

What responds to the hormone so RBC can be produced?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Bone marrow

(10:31)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the kidney maintain normal hematocrit level?

A

The kidney maintains our hematocrit by looking at how much oxygen is being delivered to the deep renal tissues and if parts of the kidney are hypoxic, that’s going to cause EPO release from the kidney.

More RBCs floating around should have an increased ability to deliver oxygen to the deep tissues of the kidney.

(11:00)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How much of the renal plasma flow is filtered through the kidneys?

A

20%

(12:47)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The kidney is an important place for activation of vitamin D. What is Vitamin D’s chemical name?

A

1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol or Cholecalciferol

(14:10)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does Vitamin D get activated?

A

In order to be activated, Vitamin has to make a stop at the kidney and get TWO hydroxyl groups added to it. (14:37)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe normal and pathological conditions of serum glucose in the kidneys?

A

Under normal conditions, the kidneys will reabsorb glucose.

Under pathological conditions, where there is an excess of glucose, the kidneys will release glucose into the urine.
(16:30)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two organs that can play a role in drug clearance?

A

Liver through hepatic clearance and using cytochrome p450 to inactivate or activate a drug.

Kidneys through renal clearance and actively pumping compounds straight into the urine.

Be mindful if a drug is cleared through the kidneys and if the patient has renal issue.

(17:30)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

______ is the most important of nitrogenous waste products that the kidney deals with.

A

Urea

(19:00)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What hormones play a role in water reabsorption?

A

Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the kidney regulate our osmolarity long term?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).

ADH either hangs on to water and dilutes the salts out or allow water to leave and concentrate the salts that are remaining.

ADH is a compound that deals purely with water, no other electrolytes.
(22:30)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The structures between the Renal Artery and Renal Veins in order.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Label A - F

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Label 1-13

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two sets of capillaries in the kidneys?

A

Glomerular Capillaries
Peritubular Capillaries

20
Q

What vessel is just upstream of the glomerular capillaries that controls blood flow?

A

Afferent arteriole
(27:00)

21
Q

What capillary bed is specialized for having lots of filtration in the kidney?

What capillary bed is specialized for having lots of reabsorption in the kidney?

A

Glomerular Capillaries (27:42)

Peritubular Capillaires (30:14)

22
Q

Label 1-9

A
23
Q

What is the first part of the tubular system after the glomerulus?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

24
Q

What arteriole sits in front of the glomerular capillaries?

What arteriole sits behind the the glomerular capillaries?

What are the function of these two blood vessels?

A

Afferent

Efferent

The afferent and efferent arterioles control the resistance of blood flow and pressure through the glomerular capillary beds.

(29:30)

25
Q

About ______% of everything that we filter at the glomerular capillaries ends up just being reabsorbed through peritubular capillaries.

A

99% (30:32)

consider the peritubular capillary omnipresent throughout the kidney

26
Q

What is a nephron?

What percentage of our kidneys are considered cortical nephrons?

What percentage of our kidneys are considered medullary nephrons?

A

The function unit of the kidney. (34:20)

90-95% Cortical

5-10% Medullary (Deep)

27
Q

What makes deep nephrons in the kidney so important (two reasons) ?

What medication did Dr. Schmidt mention were destroying the deep nephrons?

A
  1. There are not that many of them (5-10% of total nephrons)
  2. Blood perfusion in the deep nephrons play an important role in nutrient delivery inside the kidney. Damage to the deep nephrons can affect the function of cortical nephrons.

Vioxx (37:00)

28
Q

How many layers does the medulla have?

A

Two (inner and outer layer)

29
Q

What is the name of the deep medullary/ peritubular capillaries?

A

Vasa Recta Capillaries (39:15)

30
Q

What is the difference in DVR and AVR of the Vasa Recta?

A

The Ascending Vasa Recta has more pathways than the Descending Vasa Recta. Since the AVR has more pathways, the velocity of blood flow going upwards is slower than velocity going down the kidney. This will ensure that there is enough time for nutrient exchange and reabsorption. (41:42)

31
Q

The kidneys are under what anatomical structure?

What kind of muscle is this?

A

Diaphragm (41:40)

Skeletal Muscle (Exam 2, 3, and 4 recall)

32
Q

What quadrants will the kidneys be in?

A

Right & Left Upper Quadrant (42:00)

33
Q

What are the structures in the red circles?

A

Adrenal Glands

34
Q

The right kidneys have contact areas to which organ?

The left kidneys have contact ares to which organ?

What is the importance to knowing contact areas in the kidney?

A

Right Kidney: Liver (majority of the top half of the right kidney), Large Intestine, Duodenum

Left Kidney: Stomach, Pancreas, Spleen, Large Intestine (descending colon)

If there is cancer to any of these organs, they can infiltrate and cause damage to the kidneys. (45:14)

35
Q

Hepatic Cancer will affect which kidney?

Pancreatic Cancer will affect which kidney?

A

Right Kidney will be affected with hepatic cancer.

Left kidney will be affected with pancreatic cancer.

36
Q

Why is there a low occurrence of renal cancer?

A

The cells in the kidneys hav a low replication rate. Low replication rate = low chance of cancer. (46:00)

37
Q

Lower back pain is often the referred pain to ________.

A

Kidney Stones (47:54)

38
Q

The majority of the tone that is on the smooth muscle on the bladder is part of the ___________ chain at the lower back.

A

Sympathetic Chain (50:00)

39
Q

What spinal nerves regulate the external sphincters?

A

Spinal nerve S2, S3, S4 (51:00)

40
Q

What vertebras sit above the spinal nerves that control the diaphragm?

A

C2, C3, C4 (Exam 2 recall)

41
Q

What two parts make up the proximal tubule?

A
  1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  2. Proximal Straight Tubule (PST)

(53:00)

42
Q

Name the 3 parts to the Loop of Henle.

A
  1. Descending Thin Limb of the Loop of Henle
  2. Ascending Thin Limb of the Loop of Henle
  3. Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle
43
Q

Where is the Macula Densa located?

What is the purpose of the MacD?

The complex that regulates the function of the nephron is called the ________.

A

At the end of the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle and the beginning of the Distal Convoluted Tubule. (58:00)

Feedback mechanism that deals with Auto-regulating filtration (GFR) (61:00)

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

44
Q

What percent of the reabsorption does not happen at the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

33%

2/3 or 67% of the reabsorption happens at the PCT.
(60:00)

45
Q

_________ allows us to take things that we don’t want in the blood and selectively pumped them out into the tubules. A lot of our drugs are removed this way.

A

Secretion (64:58)

AP EXAM 5 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions