Lecture 30: Immunodeficiencies Flashcards
When do immunodeficiencies occur?
when one or more components of the immune system are defective
What enables greater understanding of the molecular basis for immune function?
characterisation of where mutations occur
What are the two categories of immunodeficiency?
inherited immunodeficiency and acquired immunodeficiency
What is inherited immunodeficiency?
genetic mutations that result in immune system failure
often X-linked and autosomal recessive
What is acquired immunodeficiency?
suppression of immune responses, immune cell depletion
most commonly associated with infection
also malnutrition, leukemia, chemotherapy, autoimmunity
What is the proportion of those with inherited immunodeficiency who are male?
> 60%
What is the major consequence of immunodeficiency?
increased susceptibility to infection -> recurrent infections / allergy / autoimmunity / cancer
How are immunodeficiencies diagnosed?
by testing antibody in serum and lymphocyte counts in the blood
How are immunodeficiencies treated?
antibiotics, intravenous immunoglobulin, enzyme replacement and bone marrow transplant
What are the types of primary immunodeficiencies?
B cell and T cell deficiencies
also combined deficiencies (SCID)
What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia caused by? What does this result in?
caused by a mutation in the gene coding for Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk)
results in an inability of pre-B cells to make a complete BCR, leading to pre-B cell apoptosis
Why does X-linked agammaglobulinemia result in immunodeficiency?
results in a block in B cell development which leads to a lack of antibody production
How is X-linked agammaglobulinemia treated?
routine intravenous Ig therapy (weekly / monthly)
What is hyper IgM syndrome?
family of genetic disorders associated with an absence of isotype switching (no IgG, IgA)
therefore there is a compensatory increase in IgM serum
How is hyper IgM syndrome treated?
routine intravenous Ig therapy
What is X-linked hyper IgM syndrome caused by?
mutations in CD40L -> defective CD40 signalling
Where is CD40L and CD40 expressed?
CD40L: expressed on activated T cells
CD40: expressed on B cells, macrophages, DC
What is the CD40-CD40L interaction essential for?
isotype switching, affinity maturation, memory B cell generation
macrophage activation
What is hyper IgM syndrome type 2 / AID deficiency caused by?
a mutation in activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) which results in a block in isotype switching and affinity maturation
What is the role of AID?
initiates a cascade that results in dsDNA breaks -> allows new constant region in the heavy chain to be introduced -> point mutations in variable regions (somatic hypermutation)
What is selective IgA immunodeficiency caused by?
a block in B cell differentiation into IgA-plasma cells
genetic defect is unknown
What does selective IgA immunodeficiency result in?
patients have increased susceptibility to respiratory infections (little to no IgA at mucosal surfaces)
What is common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) caused by?
defect in 1 or more genes affecting B cell growth or stimulation
What does common variable immunodeficiency result in?
present with variable reductions in IgG and IgA
varying degrees of disease (mild-recurrent infections)