Lecture 23: Effector Mechanisms in Cell-mediated (T cell) Responses Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the immune response to a viral infection.

A
  1. virus infects and replicates within the epithelium
  2. DC activation
  3. T and B cell priming in the lymph node
  4. adaptive immunity
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2
Q

What happens if a patient lacks RAG genes?

A

there will be a lack of pathogen control

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3
Q

How do DCs initiate T cell responses?

A

antigen presentation -> T cell priming

T cell priming = activation -> clonal expansion and differentiation

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4
Q

What are the specific instructions DCs provide to T cells?

A

TCR activation, co-stimulation and cytokines

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5
Q

What is the role of cytokines secreted by DCs onto T cells?

A

migration imprinting and functional polarisation (T cell responses are tailored to distinct pathogens)

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6
Q

What happens when a skin-resident dendritic cell engages with a T cell and vitamin D is present?

A

results in upregulation of particular ligands which equips the T cell in the lymph node to home back to the skin

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7
Q

What happens when a skin-resident dendritic cell engages with a T cell and retinoic acid is present (converted to retinoic acid from vitamin A)?

A

upregulates integrins such as a4b7 and certain chemokine receptors such as CCR9 on the T cell

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8
Q

What is homing potential programmed by?

A

tissue-specific cues
TCR stimulation strength
inflammation in SLOs and peripheral tissues

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9
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells target?

A

viruses

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10
Q

What do Th1, Th17 and Th2 cells target?

A

Th1: intracellular bacteria and viruses
Th17: extracellular bacteria and fungi
Th2: parasites

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11
Q

How do CD8+ T cells kill infected cells?

A

cytokines release, granule release and FasL / Fas interactions (death receptors)

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12
Q

What is the process of CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity?

A

non-specific adhesion -> specific recognition and cytoskeletal changes -> granule release

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13
Q

What is the role of perforin?

A

forms pores in target cell membrane and aids delivery of granzymes into target cell cytoplasm

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14
Q

What are granzymes?

A

family of serine proteases

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15
Q

What is the role of granzymes?

A

initiates apoptotic cell death in target cells

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16
Q

What is the role of granulsyin?

A

antimicrobial actions

initiates apoptotic cell death in target cells

17
Q

What is the role of serglycin?

A

scaffold

forms complex with perforin and granzymes

18
Q

What are characteristics of apoptotic cell death?

A

immunologically silent, no inflammation, pathogen containment

19
Q

What are cytotoxic CD8+ T cells associated with?

A

IFNy production

20
Q

Which cytokines are secreted by Tc1 CD8+ T cells?

A

IFNy and TNFa

21
Q

What do “exhausted” CD8 T cells exhibit?

A

reduced functionality (reduced secretion of cytokines)

22
Q

What does persistent antigen exposure and chronic TCR stimulation lead to?

A

T cell dysfunction

23
Q

What is T-bet?

A

the major regulator that is upregulated in either a Tc1 or Th1 and is linked to the production of IFNy

24
Q

What are the effector functions of Th1 cells?

A

macrophage activation, killing, proliferation, hematopoiesis, endothelial activation and chemotaxis

25
What is the role of RORyt?
regulates the development of Th17 cells
26
What are the effector functions of Th17 cells?
epithelial protection, epithelial turnover, neutrophil production and chemotaxis
27
What is the role of GATA-3?
regulates the development of Th2 cells