Lecture 3 (WM&SP)

Question 1

Explain path dependency. Include ‘lock-situations’ in your answer.

Answer 1

Lock-situations are being created: risks will increase if you continue the same path without changing something signficantly. Rational considereations of pofit and loss often lead to the decision to continue the same practice. In this case strengthening dikes. –> decisions are limited by decisions that have already been made in the past.

Question 2

Explain the ‘Spatial turn’.

Answer 2

increasing awareness of the limits of coping with flood risks by technical measures alone. It can’t only be done with technical, civil engeneering measures. Spatial measures are needed to give the river more space. Also an integrated- and risk-based approach is needed.

Fighting the water –> living with the water

Question 3

Explain the key characteristics of the spatial turn again.

Answer 3

More space for water
Integrated approach
Risk-based approach

Question 4

Explain ‘More space for water’ in some more detail

Answer 4

Instead of fighting the water, let it in. Give it more space. Retreat the traditional line of defence. For example: increasing retention capacity of rivers or broadening the rivers. New policy instruments and roles are needed for this. The existing land use policies are not inflicted on this.

Question 5

Explain the integrated approach in some more detail

Answer 5

DIfferent policy fields, sectors, levels institutions, disciplines, values and perspectives need to be connected. They need to collab with each other. Also a difference in policy fields between water managers and spatial planners.

Question 6

Explain the term ‘Integrated water resources management’ (IWRM)

Answer 6

= process that aims for the development and management of water, land/related resources to stimulate the economy and social welfare more, without damaging the sustainability vital ecosystems.

Question 7

What types of integration does Integrated water resources management need?

Answer 7

Vertical and horizontal integration:
* vertical = multiple government levels (ranks)
* horizontal = multifunctionality: different departments. Government organizations working together within a specific level.

Question 8

Risk-based approach. Explain in more detail

Answer 8

From hazard reduction to risk management. Anticipate the risk: probability reducation and impact reduction. Develop measures that take the whole safety chain into account. So, also proaction and prevention, as well as preparation, response and aftercare.

Question 9

Explain the difference between the traditional flood control approach and the resilience approach.

Answer 9

Traditional approach focuses solely on probability and hazard reduction.

The resilience approach tries to prevent the risk as a whole and include the whole safety chain into account. This tries to make it more resilient to the disasters. So also: impact reduction and probability reduction.

Question 10

What are FRMS’s?

Answer 10

An overview of different strategies, approaches and measures that can be taken to prevent flood risks (described in Hegger et al, 2014).

Question 11

Explain the Five types of Flood risk management strategies

Answer 11

• Flood defence – infrastructural works or giving more space to the river
• Flood risk prevention – e.g. proactive spatial planning to avoid negative consequences
• Flood risk mitigation – smart design of the flood-prone area. Flood compartmens, flood proof buildings etc…
• Flood preparation – flood warning systems etc…
• Flood recovery- good and fast recovery after flood event. Reconstruction of buildings for example.

Question 12

Explain why water management and spatial planning can be distinguished in two different ‘policy worlds’.

Answer 12

Policy arrangements for water management are focused on flood safety, fresh water availability and water quality. Mainly legal norms and a sectoral approach. ‘safety first’ is the main thing.

While the spatial planning is fixated more on integrated, area-based planning. Collaboration between municipalities provinces and national governments. Takes flood risks into account, but it’s not the main purpose. There are more spatial claims.

Question 13

Explain the differences between the old water management style of the 20th century and the New water management style (21st century).

Answer 13

Old style:
* command and control
* Focused on solutions
* reactive
* Technocrative
* Dikes, drainage
* hierarchical and closed

New style:
* anticipation and adaption
* prevention and anticipation
* Process approach
* Integral spatial policy
* natural storage, more space for the river
* more participatory and interactive

Question 14

Explain how water adaptation is a wicked problem.

Answer 14

There are inevitable uncertainties:
* potential impacts/their magnitude and effeectiveness of measures

Spatial diversity:
* local circumstances can exarbate impacts. There is no ‘one size fits all’ solutions.

controversies:
* different value systems and discourses in society > opposing perceptions of the problem
and solutions > inclusion of vulnerable communities

Fragmented governance system
* the context is formed by a multi-actor, multi-level and multi-sector governance world; lack
of a well-institutionalized policy domain. There is no specific policy domain for water adaptation.

Question 15

How to deal with the wicked problem in this case, according to Edelenbos and Teisman, 2012?

Answer 15

They have to be dealt with in a way that meets the demand of complexity. Water authorities are dependent on other public and private stakeholders with realizing objectives, while dealing with water goes beyond the boundaries of only the water sector. We need an integrated multi-level governance. Multiple levels, sectors and domains need to deal with it.

Question 16

But what is governance?

Answer 16

The development of a different style of policy making that includes not only governmental actors, but also private stakeholders and stakeholders from civil society. As well as individual actors.

Question 17

Policy arrangements Approach. What is it?

Answer 17

The temporary stabilisation of the contexnt and organisation of a policy domain. –> institutionalisation of the policy arrangements.

Exists out out of four dimensions (scheme):
* coalition of actors

• power/resources: mobilisation, division and deployment of resources and influence to who determines policy outcomes and how.
• discourse: content of a policy domain
• rules of the game: actual rules for political interactioni and formal procedures for policy/decision-making (zoning plans/visions etc…)

Question 18

Explain forces of change

Answer 18

Shock events, such as flood disasters

Interplay between policy domains

Societal trends and developments

Introduction of new rules, entrance of new actors, policy innovations…

Question 19

Diversification of flood risk management strategies requires new flood risk governance arrangements. Explain how

Answer 19

Insight in FRGAs is needed to be able to understand and guide the
implementation of a diverse range of FRMSs. Water managers need to have a specific place, it needs to be integrated in the governance system.

Question 20

Match the following descriptions to the correct dimension of governance arrangements

1 Which actors are currently involved and dominant stakeholders? Is there a dominant
coalition of actors? Think in terms of the governance triangle: i.e. the difference between
public actors, private actors, and actors representing civil society.

2 Which formal rules or legislations are in place? Are there for instance legally embedded
standards and norms (such as water safety norms)? And which informal norms structure
water policy development (such as the Dutch ‘polder model’ as a political negotiation
culture)?

3 What is the current policy strategy, in which measures is being invested, what are
institutionalized policy concepts and metaphors? Or in short: what is the content of the
current water policy?

4 Which tools or policy instruments can the actors involve/ use to realize the policy
objectives formulated? Think in terms of the NATO typology of policy instruments (i.e.
different types of resources) authority, nodality, treasure and organization.

A Rules of the game
B Discourse
C Power and resources
D Actors

Answer 20

1D
2A
3B
4C

Question 21

Explain the relation between the control paradox and path dependency.

Answer 21

The control paradox creates lock-in situations: keep doing the same thing without changing something significantly. In this case: dike strengthening. Decisions from the past limit new decisions because of this.

Question 22

In the policy arrangement dimension ‘discourse’, a distinction is made between three types of discourse. Which three?

Answer 22

Ontological values (norms and values), normative (definitions of problems) and the resultant policy strategy (approaches to solutions)