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brain and behaviour > lecture 3- structure of NS > Flashcards

lecture 3- structure of NS Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

what is Neuroanatomy?

A

The study of how the NS is organised.

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2
Q

what connects the 2 hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

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3
Q

How many lobes does the cerebral cortex have?

A

4 lobes (but really 8 because there are 4 in each hemisphere)

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4
Q

Name the four cerebral lobes.

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal.

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5
Q

The cortex can be subdivided into specialised zones on the basis of what 4 properties?

A
  1. Gross anatomy- Suical & Gyral anatomy.
  2. Variations on cellular properties- Cytoarchitecture.
  3. Connectional anatomy.
  4. Functional properties.
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6
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Deals with planning, maintaining emotional control and abstract thought.

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7
Q

what does the frontal lobe contain?

A

Brocas area, pre-frontal cortex and motor cortex (including motor strip)

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8
Q

what does the Brocas area do?

A

Responsible for the production of speech and language.

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9
Q

What is Brocas Aphasia?

A

indiv. can understand and comprehend fine BUT cannot produce language/its interupted.

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10
Q

what divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus.

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11
Q

what divides the rest if the frontal lobes from the motor slip?

A

Precentral sulcus

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12
Q

what does the motor slip contain?

A

superior frontal gyrus (SFG)
middle frontal gyrus (MFG)
Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
(ALL part of the prefrontal cortex which is part of the frontal lobe)

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13
Q

what did Gogtay et al (2004) discover?

A

Primary areas in the brain (visual, motor) mature quickly. Frontal lobes mature later.

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14
Q

describe Shaw et al (2006) study.

A

Longitudinal study of 307 P’s. measured the intelligence using various tests. 3 diff groups of P’s depending on age. cortical thickness was measured in relation to intelligence.

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15
Q

What did Shaw et al. (2006) find?

A

thinner cortex = more intelligent, because this means unwanted mechanisms have been discarded therefore the cortex is more efficient.
also there was a rapid increase in cortical thickness in the superior intelligence group- peaking at age 13.

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16
Q

what are neural networks?

A

a chain of connected neurons.

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17
Q

what is convergence?

A

successive multiple inputs, repeatedly through the NS: info from several neurons is integrated to influence the firing of a few.

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18
Q

what is divergence?

A

1/few neurons passing info onto several other neurons.

19
Q

what system has both convergence and divergence?

A

Visual system.

20
Q

what process is involved more with divergence?

A

Parallel processing (info processed simultaneously)

21
Q

what are the 6 layers of cellular organisation?

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. external granular layer
  3. external pyramidal layer
  4. internal granular layer
  5. internal pyramidal layer
  6. polymorphic layer
22
Q

what are the 4 inputs of a cortical network?

A
  1. Association fiber
  2. Commissural fiber
  3. Thalamocortical - specific
  4. Thalamocortical - non-specific
    (some fibers go straight down to the spinal cord to the muscles- v important because if damaged can cause paralysation).
23
Q

what are the 6 outputs of a cortical network?

A
  1. Association fiber - to other cortical areas
  2. Commissural fiber- to other conralateral cortex
  3. Corticonstriate fiber
  4. Corticorubral fiber, Corticopontine fiber, Corticobulbar fiber.
  5. Corticospinal fiber- to the spinal cord
    Corticotectal fiber.
  6. Corticothalamic fiber - to the thalamus
24
Q

what was Mountcastle (1957) experiment about?

A

he recorded the firing properties of neurons in the somatosensory cortex.

25
Q

what did Mountcastle (1957) discover after he moved the recording electrode obliquely to the surface?

A

The firing properties changed- neurons responded to different sensory sub modalities- deep/light touch.

26
Q

what happened when Mountcastle (1957) moved the recording electrode to the cortex?

A

The firing properties did not change.
neurons responded ONLY to one sensory sub-modalities.
supports that neurons live in vertical columns=cortical columns.

27
Q

what did Hubel and Wiesel (1977) record?

A

they recorded from the primary visual cortex, mapping inputs from each eye and looking for neurons - with ‘ocular dominance’ properties.

28
Q

what are ocular dominance columns?

A

finger print patterns in the visual cortex, organised into stripes across the cortical surface- unique to each individual.

29
Q

what are orientation columns?

A

neurons in the primary visual cortex contain columns of neurons that respond specifically to the orientation of a visual stimulus.

30
Q

what two things are needed for a superimposed precise geometric relationship in orientation columns?

A

Ocular dominance and orientation patterns.

31
Q

how many cortical columns are in the human cerebral cortex?

A

1 million.

32
Q

what does cytoarchitecture (cellular properties) reflect?

A

the variability in the way info is processed in zones across the cortex.

33
Q

what are the three main zones in the frontal cortex that are distinguished on the basis of the cytoarchitecture?

A
  1. primary motor cortex
  2. premotor cortex
  3. prefrontal cortex
34
Q

what are Betz cells?

A

huge cells concerned with motor control.

35
Q

give an example of connectional anatomy.

A

frontal lobe connections of the motor system: prefrontal cortex > premotor cortex > primary motor cortex > spinal cord > muscles. (> = arrows)
recent findings show that areas in the premotor cortex also project to the spinal cord.

36
Q

prefrontal cortex to muscles. what increases ?

A

movement. (lesions would impair basic properties of movement).

37
Q

muscles to the prefrontal cortex. what increases?

A

goals of movement. (lesions would impair higher level functions).

38
Q

what two areas help operate frontal lobe connections of the motor system?

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum. they monitor and modify the activity.

39
Q

how does high level info in the prefrontal cortex reach the spinal cord to influence action?

A

projections from the prefrontal cortex to the premotor cortex and from here to the primary motor cortex and the spinal cord to influence action.

40
Q

what can the properties of the cortex be described in terms of…

A
  • Gross anatomy (Sulcal & gyral anatomy)
  • Cellular properties
  • Connectional anatomy
  • Functional properties
41
Q

which of the brain areas matures latest?

A

Association cortex

42
Q

Which of the following did Shaw et al. (2006) not find to be associated with higher intelligence?

A

Significantly lower cortical thickness in early adulthood

43
Q

What do Horton and Adams (2005) argue in their paper?

A

Cortical columns may not be a useful way to think about cortical function.

brain and behaviour (6 decks)

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