Lecture 3: Striated Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What is muscle?

A

complex tissue composed of myocytes (muscle cells) and many other types of cells

  • myocytes are contractile – contractile apparatus uses actin and myosin
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2
Q

How are muscle types classified?

A

mostly based on microscopic appearance, but can also be categorized using other characteristics

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3
Q

What are the two main types of muscle?

A
  • striated muscle: skeletal and cardiac
  • smooth muscle
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4
Q

Which muscle types are voluntary? Which muscle types are involuntary?

A
  • voluntary muscle: skeletal
  • involuntary muscle: cardiac and smooth
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5
Q

What are thick filaments?

A

myosin

  • polymers of approximately 300 myosin II hexamers (2 myosin II motor and 4 light chains)
  • typical vertebrate myosin thick filament is 1.6 μm with an axial helical repeat of 429 Å
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6
Q

How do thick filaments assemble?

A

myosin molecules assemble in a manner that creates a bipolar filament with a central bare zone

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7
Q

What are thin filaments?

A

actin

  • thin filaments are polymers of alpha-actin (while microfilaments are polymers of beta-actin)
  • capped by special proteins at the ends to stabilize structure
  • associated with several structural proteins (ie. troponin and tropomyosin)
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8
Q

Which filaments are troponin and tropomyosin associated with? What do they do?

A
  • associated with thin filaments
  • regulate interaction between actin and myosin in striated muscle
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9
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

long, thin, double-stranded protein that extends over about 7 actin monomers

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10
Q

What is troponin?

A

trimer of TnC, TnI, and TnT that binds to every 7th actin on the thin filament

  • TnC: binds Ca2+ (calcium sensor)
  • TnI: inhibitory, binds troponin to actin
  • TnT: binds troponin to tropomyosin
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11
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

functional unit of a muscle fibre

  • thick filament surrounded by an array of thin filaments, in association with structural proteins
  • in vertebrate striated muscle, thick filament is surrounded by 6 thin filaments on either end
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12
Q

What is the Z-disk?

A

protein plates at the end of the sarcomere where the (+) end of actin thin filaments are attached

  • composed of actin, titin, and other proteins
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13
Q

What is the M-line?

A

centre of the sarcomere between (-) ends of actin

  • region where thick filaments do not overlap with thin filaments
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14
Q

What is the A-band?

A

region where thick filaments occur

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15
Q

What is the I-band?

A

portion of thin filaments that does not overlap with thick filaments

  • spans the Z-disk
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16
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

portion of thick filaments that does not overlap with thin filaments

17
Q

What is titin?

A

protein that anchors thick filament to Z-disk and provides elasticity

18
Q

What is nebulin?

A

protein that twists around thin filament to establish the appropriate length for the filament

19
Q

What is tropomodulin?

A

protein that caps the (-) end of thin filament

20
Q

What is capZ?

A

protein that anchors (+) end of thin filament to Z-disk

21
Q

What are some similarities and differences in flight muscle sarcomeres of highly divergent groups?

A

similarities:

  • sarcomeres from insect (invertebrate) and vertebrate flight have the same basic structure

differences:

  • some unique proteins
  • insect sarcomeres are longer
  • myosin arrangement is different
22
Q

Describe sarcomere contraction.

A
  • during its power stroke, each myosin head pulls a thin filament towards M-line
  • combined effort of all these power strokes pulls Z-disks closer together, which decreases sarcomere length
23
Q

Length-Force Relationship

When can cross-bridges form?

A

can only form when myosin heads of a thick filament can interact with actin units of a thin filament

24
Q

Length-Force Relationship

What increases/decrease the amount of force that a sarcomere can produce during contraction?

A
  • force increases as the number of myosin heads that can contact a thin filament increases
  • force decreases as the overlap between thin filaments of adjacent Z-disks increases – at the shortest sarcomere length, thick filaments will collide with Z-disks and no further contraction is possible
25
What is a myofibril?
composed of many sarcomeres arranged in series - runs the entire length of a muscle cell
26
What is a myofibre?
striated muscle cell that contains many myofibrils arranged in parallel - parallel arrangement is important for force transmission (generates more force)
27
How does striated muscle grow in length?
adds more sarcomeres to the ends of each myofibril
28
How does striated muscle grow in diameter?
increases the number of myofibrils