Lecture 3 Self Regulation Of action & Affect And Of Emotion Flashcards
What is feedback loop?
It is a basic unit of cybernetic control
1. Input function - perception.
2. Reference value - goal
3. Comparison process - degree of discrepancy
4. Output - error signal or not :
- Discrepancy reducing loop- approach goal (ideal self, public praise, identified values)
- Discrepancy enlarging loop - avoidance goal (public humiliation, feared possible self, ought self, introjected values)
Discrepancy-reducing VS enlarging feedback processes applied to behavior = engagement of effort to reach desired goal, maintain a desired condition, or to confirm some standard
Approach and avoidance are regulatory activities
What is hierarchy of goals?
- sequences of action - lower level goals, a little or no monitoring
- programs- action organized sequences, require choices, depending on the current conditions
- Principles- obstacles providing a basis for making decisions in programs (or avoiding) applicable to diverse behaviors and situations
- Patterns of principles - sense of desired or undesired self or community
What is hierarchy of processes in action?
- High-level control, loops set and change reference values for loops at the next lower level of control, which in turn set and change.
- Goals from the ideal self down through sequences can be thought of as being typical string points for self-regulation
- Self regulation thus takes place at various levels
What are values? Shwartz 1992
Shwartz theory 1992
Values form a coherent structure based of the degree of compensability or conflict between the goals the values express
2 pairs of values :
-Openness to change VS conservatism
- Self enhancement VS self transcendence
2 principles structure order of values
- Personal VS social outcome focus
-Expression of growth VS self protection motivation
What is feedback processes and affect?
Affect: result of desires being currently met
Is the consequence of information resting on the second set of feedback processes running in parallel to those first guiding behavior
Input for the second feedback loop is the rate of discrepancy reduction (or enlargement) in the action system over time
Affect test to bipolar dimensions
- Discrepancy reducing (approach reference value)
-Discrepancy enlarging (avoidance, reference value)
What is coasting?
Allocating of effort among multiple goals over time-multiple goal pursuit mode
Depending on goal proximity, positive and negative emotions can have opposing effects on goal directed behavior, including coasting VS urgent goals striving
What are affects, and priority management?
- people have many goals on the pursuit simultaneously - which one having priority at a given point in time, but need to shift flexibly
emotions seen as* Call for reprioritization*
a) sadness, depression, dejection-indicate effort will not help, lost opportunity
b) frustration and anger -indicate updating priority is needed
What is emotional regulation from Lazarus 1991 and Koole 2009
Lazarus
- Primary response (raw)-immediate unregulated emotional reaction
- Secondary response (regulate primary response)
Kool
Effectiveness to exit , enhance or maintain an emotional response
- Primary response (entry gradient)
Stimuli, personal characteristics, broader situation
- Secondary response-exit gradient
Stimuli , personal characteristics, broader situation
Examples of emotion regulation (gross 2015)
Emotional regulation goals include decreasing or increasing either negative or positive emotions
-Intrinsic emotional regulation (go to regulate own emotion)
-Extrinsic emotional regulation (go to regulate others emotions but with aim to impact one’s own emotions) to soothe crying child exp.
Emotional regulation can target :
-Intensity of emotions
-Duration of emotions
-Quality of emotions
Emotional regulation involves different strategies:
-Deliberate, controlled processes
-Implicit, unconscious processes
What is the process model of emotional regulation? (gross, 1998 and 2015)
-
Situation selection
More/less likely for (un)desirable errors to arise
Older versus younger adults select social partners in line with emotional needs more -
Situation modification
Alter situation to change emotional impact on self
Not necessarily adaptive -“safety behaviors” prevent long-term exposure and change -
Attentional deployment
Direct attention to impact emotion
Successful delay of gratification -
Cognitive change
Modify appraisal of situation to alter emotional impact
External and internal situations
Can decrease, sympathetic nervous system -
Response modulation
Influence experimental , behavioral physiology component
Drugs , physical exercise, breathing techniques
Expressive (facial) suppression affective for positive, but not for negative experiences
What are goal oriented models of emotional regulation?
Emotional regulation misunderstood this form of self-regulation and his goal directed behavior
Cybernetic control process with two components :
1. Monitoring process-comparing current state with the desired state (goal)
2. Discrepancy reducing system
hierarchical author of self regulatory systems-low order goals in the service of higher order goals determine behavior control (breathing and anxiety)
Emotional regulation is governed by cognitive control
-Hot emotion driven response tendency kept it bay
-cool cognitively drill, response tendencies
-Conflict monitoring process
- Effortful regulatory process
What is action control perspective on emotional regulation? (Webb et Al 2012)
Failures to effectively regulate emotions, understood as a result of difficulty with self regulatory tasks (3 in total)
Implementation intentions, seen as means to overcome this difficulties
1. What is emotional regulation needed is there divergence from emotional goal state?
Must have external standards, or implicit or explicit beliefs about utility of specific emotional state
If yes , engage in self regulation and control behavior
2. How to go about regulating emotion?
People flexibly choose between different strategies
Exp high emotional intensity-distraction
Low emotional intensity -reappraisal of the situation
3. Enact the chosen strategy?
Sufficient mental resources?
Does situation allow for chosen strategy?
What is need oriented emotional regulation? (Webb et Al 2012)
Emotional regulation happening without explicit, conscious notion
Example : habituation, mindfulness
Hedonic perspective : seek pleasure, avoid pain
Self soothing -sucking a thumb-present in children without observational learning that automatic tendency to approach positive and avoid negative affect stimuli also in adults
Defensive biases as unconscious, emotional regulation :
-Self serving attributions
- Downward social comparison
-Defense mechanisms implicated in ER brain regions, but not in goal oriented SR brain regions-thus not conscious and effortful
Functional is enduring negative emotional states has psychological costs (mental and physical resources
How can emotional regulation be trained? Example (Christou -Champi et Al 2015)
ER abilities?
Training: complete three training sessions to practice reappraising negative images
Control: presenter, but without training
Follow up: watch film clips(war, violence ,infections)
Tull and Adlai 2015
Enhance emotion regulation abilities (mindfulness, heart rate variability)
Enhance specific regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, suppression)
Emotional regulation abilities :
-Approach emotions with acceptance, willingness and tolerance
-Monitor, understand and evaluate emotions
-Differentiate between different emotional states
-Control behaviors (impulsive behaviors, maintain goal directed behavior) in the context of emotions
switching flexibly, and adaptively between several emotional regulation strategies is the best
Emotional regulation abilities and strategies can feedback to exacerbate or counter both biological vulnerabilities (reactivity) and influence environment (interactions with others)
ER training-what level of complexity (Koole and Alfaro 2018) control level
Control processes determine how people monitor, if emotional regulation is required, and how they implement specific acts of emotional regulation
3 control processes:
- High complexity:
Person oriented, emotional regulation
Maintain global emotional balance (integrate multiple emotional directives)
Too complex to be represented by single linguistic goals - Intermediate complexity:
Goal oriented emotional regulation
Maintain single emotion regulation goal
Governed by explicit , verbalized goals
-Identify if emotional response fall short of goal state
-Determine if an how to engage in ER
-Enact chosen ER strategy - Low complexity
Need oriented ER
Maximize pleasure, minimize pain
Too basic to be represented by single linguistic goals
Visceral needs
