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ANS221 Animal Structure and Function > Lecture 3 - Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Identify the anatomical structures located in the conducting and respiratory zones and describe the major function of each zone.
    • Conducting Zone
    Trachea
A

Incomplete* cartilage rings
Prevents airway collapse
Allows expansion of oesophagus
*Birds – complete cartilage rings

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2
Q
  1. Identify the anatomical structures located in the conducting and respiratory zones and describe the major function of each zone.
    • Conducting Zone
    Bronchi
A

Two primary bronchi
Branches into narrower tubes (secondary & tertiary)
Bronchi contain supportive cartilaginous plates
Mucus escalator to clean air

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3
Q
  1. Identify the anatomical structures located in the conducting and respiratory zones and describe the major function of each zone.
    • Conducting Zone
    Bronchioles
A

<1mm in diameter
Contain smooth muscle
No cartilage
Mucus escalator

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4
Q
  1. Identify the anatomical structures located in the conducting and respiratory zones and describe the major function of each zone.
    • Conducting Zone
    Terminal Bronchioles
A

Last anatomical structure in the conducting zone

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5
Q
  1. Identify the anatomical structures located in the conducting and respiratory zones and describe the major function of each zone.
    • Respiratory Zone
A

Contain alveoli pockets

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6
Q
  1. Identify the anatomical structures located in the conducting and respiratory zones and describe the major function of each zone.
    • Respiratory Zone
A

Sac like structures involved in gas exchange

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7
Q
  1. List the cells of alveoli and how they assist in respiration.
    Type I
    Alveolar cells
A

Pneumocytes form the structure of alveoli

Very think cells for gas exchange

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8
Q
  1. List the cells of alveoli and how they assist in respiration.
    Type II
    Alveolar cells
A

Synthesise surfactant that reduces the surface tension in alveoli

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9
Q 
3.	List the cells of alveoli and how they assist in respiration.
Alveolar pores (of Kohn)
A

Equalise pressure between alveoli

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10
Q
  1. List the cells of alveoli and how they assist in respiration.
    Alveolar Macrophages
A

Patrol the inner surfaces

Ingest small foreign particles

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11
Q
  1. Explain the effect of surfactant on alveolar surface tension and ventilation, and the problems that occur if surfactant is not produced.
A 
•	Secreted by type II pneumocytes
•	Reduces cohesive forces between h2o molecules
•	Lowers the surface tension
-	Increases lung compliance 
-	Allows lungs to easily expand
-	Reduces work of breathing
-	Increases stability of lungs
•	Separates air from blood
•	Comprised of:
-	Type I alveolar epithelial cell
-	Basement membrane
-	Capillary endothelial cell
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12
Q
  1. Briefly describe the anatomical structure of the intrapleural space and the importance of intrapleural fluid.
A

• Structures:

  • Double walled sac
  • Pleura is the lining made from a single layer of squamous epithelial cells and connective tissue
  • Visceral pleura covers the lungs
  • Parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall

• Intrapleural fluid:

  • Provides lubrication
  • Friction free movement
  • Generates surface tension
  • Prevents separation of pleurae
  • Holds lungs against chest in semi-inflated state
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13
Q
  1. Differentiate between anatomical and alveolar dead space and explain how these affect ventilation
A 
•	Anatomic dead space:
-	Volume of conducting zone
•	Alveolar dead space
-	Dead space within the respiratory zone
-	Alveoli unavailable for gas exchange
•	Anatomic + alveolar DS = physiologic DS 
-	In animals this is minimal
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14
Q
  1. Explain the effect of exercise on the tidal volume: dead space ratio
A

• Faster breathing
- Increasing respiratory rate (RR) means shallower breathing increasing
• Deeper breathing
- Increasing deep breathing is more effective as this reduces faster breathing
- Maximises ventilation
• Fraction of each breath that ventilates dead space
• With exercise – dead space volume does not change significantly, but tidal volume increases and dead space volume/tidal volume decreases

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15
Q
  1. Describe the major structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract and explain their function.
    • Upper tract
    Nasal Cavities
A

Structure: Ciliated epithelium, mucus-producing goblet cells, cilia hairs

Function: Low resistant pathway during blockage/exercise

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16
Q
  1. Describe the major structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract and explain their function.
    • Upper tract
    Oral Cavity
A

Structure: Large opening

Function: Low resistance pathway during blockage/exercise

17
Q
  1. Describe the major structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract and explain their function.
    • Upper tract
    Pharynx
A

Structure: Smooth muscle walls, lymphoid tonsils

Function: Passage of air & food, immune response, initiation of cough reflex

18
Q
  1. Describe the major structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract and explain their function.
    • Upper tract
    Larynx
A

Structure: Epiglottis, vocal cords

Function: Air warming, air humidifier, cleaning (mucus escalator), initiation of cough reflex, prevents food entering LRT, vocalization

19
Q
  1. Describe the major structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract and explain their function.
    • Lower tract
    Trachea
A

Structure: Cartilaginous rings, ciliated epithelium, mucus producing goblet cells

Function: Keeps airway open during inspiration, cleaning (mucus escalator), initiation of cough reflex

20
Q
  1. Describe the major structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract and explain their function.
    • Lower tract
    Bronchi
A

Structure: Cartilaginous rings, ciliated epithelium, mucus producing goblet cells

Function: Distribution of air within the lungs. Keeps airway open during inspiration, cleaning (mucus escalator)

21
Q
  1. Describe the major structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract and explain their function.
    • Lower tract
    Bronchioles
A

Structure: Smooth muscle walls, most have cilia and goblet cells

Function: Distribution of air to gas exchange units, cleaning (mucus escalator), adjust air flow

22
Q
  1. Describe the major structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract and explain their function.
    • Lower tract
    Alveoli
A

Structure: Single thin epithelial layer, surfactant-secreting Type II alveolar cells, macrophages

Function: Gas exchange with pulmonary capillaries, phagocytosis of small particles

ANS221 Animal Structure and Function (7 decks)

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