Lecture 1 - Circulatory 1 Flashcards
Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system
The bodies transport system that consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.
Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system
- Transport
- O2 and CO2
- Nutrients and waste products
- Heat dispersal from body
- Hormones
Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system
- Protection
- WBC (granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes)
- Antibodies
- Blood Clotting
Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system
- Homeostasis
- Provides a constant internal environment for cells; pH, osmolarity and ions.
Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
4 chambers, 2 pumps, 4 valves
Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Upper Chambers
- Left and Right atrium
- Receives blood coming into the heart
Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Lower Chambers
- Left and right ventricles
- Muscular
- Pumps blood out of the heart
Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Direction
• Pumps, the direction of blood flow through the heart
- Right side (systemic) receives O2 poor blood from the veins and pumps to the lungs, this picks up the O2 and rids of the CO2
- Left side (pulmonary) receives O2 rich blood from the lungs and pumps it through the arteries to the rest of the body.
Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Valves
• 4 valves that direct flow of blood
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves – “left” Mitral (bicuspid) and “right” Tricuspid
- Located between atria and ventricles, prevents back flow into atria during systole.
- Rise in pressure passively shuts valve
- Semilunar valves – Aortic and Pulmonary
- Located at the base of the aorta (aortic valve) that separates the left ventricle and aorta
- Pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve) separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
- Prevents backflow into the ventricles during diastole
- Increase of pulmonary pressure during systole passively opens semilunar valves
Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Blood Flow
• Blood flow through the heart
- Different pressures in the heart varies with the stage of the heartbeat
- Atria to ventricles
- Ventricles to atria
- Valves prevent backflow of blood, these open and close from response of different pressure gradients
Define the diastolic and systolic phases of the cardiac cycle
• Diastole/diastolic phase
• Diastole/diastolic phase
- Ventricular relaxation
- Ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria
Define the diastolic and systolic phases of the cardiac cycle
• Systole/systolic phase
• Systole/systolic phase
- Ventricular contraction
- Ventricles contract while blood is pumped from right and left ventricles from lungs and body, respectively.
- One cardiac cycle = 1x systole + 1x diastole
Describe how the heart valves open and close and when this occurs during the cardiac cycle
• Valves open from pressure gradients
Describe how the heart valves open and close and when this occurs during the cardiac cycle
• Atrioventricular valves
• Atrioventricular valves
- Is open when the ventricle is relaxed
- Atrial P > ventricular P
• Atrioventricular valves
- Close during ventricular contraction
- Ventricular P > atrial P = pushes blood against cusps
Describe how the heart valves open and close and when this occurs during the cardiac cycle
• Semilunar valves
• Semilunar valves
- Open during ventricular contraction
- Ventricular P > atrial P
• Valves close passively due to pressure gradients
• Semilunar valves
- Close during ventricular relaxation
- Atrial P > ventricular P = pushes blood back towards the heart, fills cusps
Explain what causes heart sounds, and be able to identify what creates S1 and S2
- Produced by turbulent blood flow when the valves close
* Two sounds – “lub-dub”
Explain what causes heart sounds, and be able to identify what creates S1 and S2
- S1
• 1st sound (S1) “lub”
- Closing of the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid)
- Heard during the ventricular systole cycle
Explain what causes heart sounds, and be able to identify what creates S1 and S2
- S2
• 2nd sound (S2) “dub”
- Closure of the semilunar valve (aortic and pulmonary)
- Heard during the pulmonic valve closure
- Louder sound than S1
Describe the consequences of dysfunction of the heart valves
• Known as cardiac valvular dysfunction
• Can reduce blood flow, let blood back up or leak into areas where it shouldn’t and overtax the heart
• Clinical signs of heart murmurs include:
- Exercise intolerance
- Increased heart rate at rest
• Can lead to heart failure
Describe the consequences of dysfunction of the heart valves
• Clinical signs of heart murmurs
• Clinical signs of heart murmurs include:
- Exercise intolerance
- Increased heart rate at rest
Define what a heart murmur is and the likely causes of systolic and diastolic murmurs
• Heart murmurs, results from turbulent blood flow
• Can result from:
- Insufficient valve – (Regurgitation) = failure to close fully
- Stenotic valve – abnormally narrow valve opening
Define what a heart murmur is and the likely causes of systolic and diastolic murmurs
- Systolic
• Systolic murmur
- Heard during systole
- Can be classified when the murmur begins and ends between S1 and S2
- Involves the stenosis of the semilunar valve or regurgitation of the Atrioventricular valves
Define what a heart murmur is and the likely causes of systolic and diastolic murmurs
- Diastolic
• Diastolic murmur
- Heard during diastole
- Can be classified at the start or after S2 and end before or at S1
- Involves stenosis of the atrioventricular valves or regurgitation of the semilunar valves
List the clinical signs associated with heart failure
- Both Left and Right
• Clinical signs will depend on what side has the problem
• Either or both LH failure and RH failure
- Exercise intolerance
- Generalised weakness
- Increased resting heart rate
- Cyanosis (bluish discolouration of skin)
- Increased capillary refill time
List the clinical signs associated with heart failure
- Left
• Left heart failure
- Pulmonary oedema
- Persistent cough
- Increased breathing rate
List the clinical signs associated with heart failure
-Right
• Right heart failure
- Ventral oedema
- Dissention of the jugular vein
- Liver disease
