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ANS221 Animal Structure and Function > Lecture 1 - Circulatory 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Circulatory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

The bodies transport system that consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

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2
Q

Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system

- Transport

A
  • O2 and CO2
  • Nutrients and waste products
  • Heat dispersal from body
  • Hormones
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3
Q

Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system

- Protection

A
  • WBC (granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes)
  • Antibodies
  • Blood Clotting
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4
Q

Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system

- Homeostasis

A
  • Provides a constant internal environment for cells; pH, osmolarity and ions.
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5
Q

Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits

A

4 chambers, 2 pumps, 4 valves

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6
Q

Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Upper Chambers

A
  • Left and Right atrium

- Receives blood coming into the heart

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7
Q

Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Lower Chambers

A
  • Left and right ventricles
  • Muscular
  • Pumps blood out of the heart
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8
Q

Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Direction

A

• Pumps, the direction of blood flow through the heart

  • Right side (systemic) receives O2 poor blood from the veins and pumps to the lungs, this picks up the O2 and rids of the CO2
  • Left side (pulmonary) receives O2 rich blood from the lungs and pumps it through the arteries to the rest of the body.
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9
Q

Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Valves

A

• 4 valves that direct flow of blood

  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves – “left” Mitral (bicuspid) and “right” Tricuspid
  • Located between atria and ventricles, prevents back flow into atria during systole.
  • Rise in pressure passively shuts valve
  • Semilunar valves – Aortic and Pulmonary
  • Located at the base of the aorta (aortic valve) that separates the left ventricle and aorta
  • Pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve) separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
  • Prevents backflow into the ventricles during diastole
  • Increase of pulmonary pressure during systole passively opens semilunar valves
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10
Q

Identify the chambers and valves of the heart and describe the path of blood flow through the heart, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits
- Blood Flow

A

• Blood flow through the heart

  • Different pressures in the heart varies with the stage of the heartbeat
  • Atria to ventricles
  • Ventricles to atria
  • Valves prevent backflow of blood, these open and close from response of different pressure gradients
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11
Q

Define the diastolic and systolic phases of the cardiac cycle
• Diastole/diastolic phase

A

• Diastole/diastolic phase

  • Ventricular relaxation
  • Ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria
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12
Q

Define the diastolic and systolic phases of the cardiac cycle
• Systole/systolic phase

A

• Systole/systolic phase

  • Ventricular contraction
  • Ventricles contract while blood is pumped from right and left ventricles from lungs and body, respectively.
  • One cardiac cycle = 1x systole + 1x diastole
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13
Q

Describe how the heart valves open and close and when this occurs during the cardiac cycle

A

• Valves open from pressure gradients

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14
Q

Describe how the heart valves open and close and when this occurs during the cardiac cycle
• Atrioventricular valves

A

• Atrioventricular valves

  • Is open when the ventricle is relaxed
  • Atrial P > ventricular P

• Atrioventricular valves

  • Close during ventricular contraction
  • Ventricular P > atrial P = pushes blood against cusps
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15
Q

Describe how the heart valves open and close and when this occurs during the cardiac cycle
• Semilunar valves

A

• Semilunar valves
- Open during ventricular contraction
- Ventricular P > atrial P
• Valves close passively due to pressure gradients

• Semilunar valves

  • Close during ventricular relaxation
  • Atrial P > ventricular P = pushes blood back towards the heart, fills cusps
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16
Q

Explain what causes heart sounds, and be able to identify what creates S1 and S2

A
  • Produced by turbulent blood flow when the valves close

* Two sounds – “lub-dub”

17
Q

Explain what causes heart sounds, and be able to identify what creates S1 and S2
- S1

A

• 1st sound (S1) “lub”

  • Closing of the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid)
  • Heard during the ventricular systole cycle
18
Q

Explain what causes heart sounds, and be able to identify what creates S1 and S2
- S2

A

• 2nd sound (S2) “dub”

  • Closure of the semilunar valve (aortic and pulmonary)
  • Heard during the pulmonic valve closure
  • Louder sound than S1
19
Q

Describe the consequences of dysfunction of the heart valves

A

• Known as cardiac valvular dysfunction
• Can reduce blood flow, let blood back up or leak into areas where it shouldn’t and overtax the heart
• Clinical signs of heart murmurs include:
- Exercise intolerance
- Increased heart rate at rest
• Can lead to heart failure

20
Q

Describe the consequences of dysfunction of the heart valves
• Clinical signs of heart murmurs

A

• Clinical signs of heart murmurs include:

  • Exercise intolerance
  • Increased heart rate at rest
21
Q

Define what a heart murmur is and the likely causes of systolic and diastolic murmurs

A

• Heart murmurs, results from turbulent blood flow
• Can result from:
- Insufficient valve – (Regurgitation) = failure to close fully
- Stenotic valve – abnormally narrow valve opening

22
Q

Define what a heart murmur is and the likely causes of systolic and diastolic murmurs
- Systolic

A

• Systolic murmur

  • Heard during systole
  • Can be classified when the murmur begins and ends between S1 and S2
  • Involves the stenosis of the semilunar valve or regurgitation of the Atrioventricular valves
23
Q

Define what a heart murmur is and the likely causes of systolic and diastolic murmurs
- Diastolic

A

• Diastolic murmur

  • Heard during diastole
  • Can be classified at the start or after S2 and end before or at S1
  • Involves stenosis of the atrioventricular valves or regurgitation of the semilunar valves
24
Q

List the clinical signs associated with heart failure

- Both Left and Right

A

• Clinical signs will depend on what side has the problem
• Either or both LH failure and RH failure
- Exercise intolerance
- Generalised weakness
- Increased resting heart rate
- Cyanosis (bluish discolouration of skin)
- Increased capillary refill time

25
Q

List the clinical signs associated with heart failure

- Left

A

• Left heart failure

  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Persistent cough
  • Increased breathing rate
26
Q

List the clinical signs associated with heart failure

-Right

A

• Right heart failure

  • Ventral oedema
  • Dissention of the jugular vein
  • Liver disease

ANS221 Animal Structure and Function (7 decks)

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