Lecture 3: Regulatory Systems Flashcards

Question

Pharmacokinetic tolerance

Answer 1

the body impacts the absorption, metabolism, or excretion of the drug in some way. - ↓ Absorption in the intestines (it can't titrate...so just reduces ALL absorption...even of healthy foods) - ↑ Enzymes in liver to break down alcohol faster (In this process....it damages liver itself...leds to serosis) - ↑ Sweating, urinating and bowel movements (DADS, peeing while drunk)

Answer 2

the body prevents the drug from having it’s desired effect. Receptor down regulation (kills receptors) - Receptor death - Reduced receptor affinity (affinity = propterties) Receptor up-regulation (excess of this in the body or not have enough....let's increase number of receptors to get to homeostasis)

Answer 3

Reuptake Degredation Diffusion (floats away)

Answer 4

Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin ALL NEUROTRANSMITTERS *Transported by Monoamine Transporters (MATS)

Answer 5

Primary Effect = movement, attention, learning, and the reinforcing effects of substances. remmeber: made in basal ganglia which is overlearned...habits...etc. why drugs can become a habbit think of someone with parkinsons...they have decrease in dopamine in BG ...so an overflearned behavior like walking becomes hard and unlearned...unsmooth same with withdrawls and tremors

Answer 6

Reuptake completed by dopamine transporters

Answer 7

Cocaine and methylphenidate - block uptake (so more dopamine in synaptic cleft) Amphetamines and methamphetamines - block uptake & reverse transporters (blocks reuptake AND shoots out more - why so addictive)

Answer 8

Eating, sex, social connection = no longer impactful Dopamine from drugs way better Can lead to mood disorder

Answer 9

Mesolimbic pathway: Originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain and ends in the nucleus accumbens. This pathway is associated with reward and motivation. Mesocortical pathway: Also originates in the VTA and ends in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. This pathway is also associated with reward. Nigrostriatal pathway: Carries dopamine from the substantia nigra to the striatum. Plays role in habit building. Tuberoinfundibular pathway: Associated with prolactin production (production of milk by mamary glands...when postpartum depresion...will impact this and bonding)

Answer 10

when limbic system in control mesolimbic pathway most activated when front...mesocortical pathway most activated

Answer 11

Primary effect: vigilance/attentiveness Dopamine in vesicles is converted to norepinephrine by a special enzyme. - when see hyper vigilence in someone using stimulants...this is why Most noradrenergic systems begin in the LocusCoeruleus - Locus Coeruleus is in the Pons - Pons = responsible for arousal in the brain

Answer 12

Norepinephrine

Answer 13

Involved in mood and pain regulation, and the control of eating, sleep, arousal, and dreaming. Precursor = Tryptophan Produced by the Raphe Nuclei

Answer 14

LSD and several other hallucinogens = direct agonist for Seretonin in frontal lobe -- distortions in visual perception

Answer 15

we can control serotonin through eating more than 90% of serotonoin receptors are in gut Receptors play a role in nausea & vomiting

Answer 16

MDMA binds with norepinephrine and Serotonin transporters --> runs them backwards = selectively damages serotonergic neurons (cog deficits) MDMA therapy is purposefully killing off norepinephrine...works for PTSD because we need to kill them off because they are TOO arroused Norepinephine and serotonin don't come back once killsed becuase not supposed to be part of the dopamine pathway

Answer 17

Dopamine levels are high when you're first pursuing someone you're interested in. = excitement and reward (honeymoon phase) Dopamine can make your loved one seem special and unique

Answer 18

Avoidantly attached people may have heightened dopamine activity. This can lead to a cycle of emotional volatility and dissatisfaction. People with avoidant attachment styles may have a relentless pursuit of dopamine-driven rewards. --> on to the next best thing

Answer 19

4 years..decreasxe

Answer 20

Oxytocin and vasopressin replace dopamine and create the desire to bond with your partner. Oxytocin is released during orgasm, childbirth, and breast-feeding. Vasopressin plays a role in attachment, and studies of prairie voles have shown that it's important for monogamous bonds. Different: vasopressin is bonding with that one person...oxy. can bond with multiple

Answer 21

Dopamine ↑ = Person seems unique, special, and exciting. Norepinephrine ↑ = sense of energy, “alert” state, loss of appetite & need for sleep Serotonin ↓: “OCD” type thinking and seeking

Answer 22

OCD has decreased levels of serotonin

Answer 23

Low levels = Reduction in pro-social behavior - Combined with low dopamine = avoidant attachment styles Excessive levels = ↑ co-dependency, jealousy, “clingy/needy

Answer 24

Released during orgasm, childbirth & breast-feeding.

Answer 25

Released during sex, overcoming challenges together, stress bonding. Role in social cognition & selective attachment (monogamy)

Answer 26

Excessive levels = ↑ territorial aggression, mate guarding and pair bonding in males

Answer 27

Oxytocin and vasopressin replace dopamine and create the desire to bond with your partner

Answer 28

Involved in baseline sense of well-being and anxiety and stress regulation, pain, metabolism, digestion, sleep/wake, neurogenesiset (Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are generated in the brain. ) *Precursor = Tryptophan (fish, soybeans, chest, poultry, dairy)

Answer 29

90% of the body’s total serotonin resides in the enterochromaffin cells in the gut and 10% is in the brain. *Produced in the gut lining and raphe nuclei and sent out to the body via 20 known pathways = widespread and ranging effects

Answer 30

*Chronic pain *Nausea *Poor appetite *Disrupted sleep and fatigue

Answer 31

Extremely High Levels = Serotonin Syndrome hallucinations, euphoria, anxiety, fever, seizures, tremors in hands

Answer 32

*High anxiety towards group exclusion (this in turn can develop a social ‘ladder’ – a competitiveness regarding friendship and reward) *Aggression *Impaired learning and imitation learning ability (stress and anxiety shown to impair frontal and parietal mirror neuron system) *Impaired social bonding (serotonin genes are also linked to autism and Asperger’s) *Slow assessment of social interaction

Answer 33

Decrease serotonin cause increase fear and decrease cognitive function (such as the ability to evaluate situations).

Answer 34

↓ serotonin = ↑ impulsive behavior (dopamine burst seeking) ↓ serotonin & dopamine = depression and suicidal behavior, as well as increased aggression. ↑ serotonin & ↓ dopamine = anxiety and fear (think of anxiety without release/motivation for action)

Answer 35

If have 4 go to hospital Encepa...=delirium Hyperreflexia is a condition characterized by exaggerated or overactive reflexes. Myoclonus refers to involuntary, sudden, and brief muscle jerks or twitches

Answer 36

Gut microbiome disruptions Processed foods, sugar, alcohol, artificial sweeteners contribute to dysbiosis. Dysbiosis Linked To: * Lowered Serotonin * Dopamine Dysregulation * Reduced GABA production * Increased Cortisol

Answer 37

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)—toxins produced by harmful gut bacteria—can cross the blood-brain barrier, triggering neuroinflammation. Inflammation reduces serotonin production and impairs brain plasticity, contributing to fatigue, brain fog, and mood swings. People with IBS, Crohn’s disease, and leaky gut syndrome often experience higher rates of depression and anxiety due to gut inflammation.

Answer 38

Prebiotic and Probiotic Foods for Mood Stability. Targeting specific: Probiotics (live beneficial bacteria) improve gut health and neurotransmitter balance. * Sources: Yogurt, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, miso, kombucha. Prebiotics (fiber that feeds gut bacteria) enhance microbiome diversity. * Sources: Garlic, onions, bananas, asparagus, oats, legumes.

Answer 39

85% efficacy in elimination of chronic Clostridioidesdifficile (C. difficile) infections Symptomi mprovement in IBS & IBD Early research in Parkinson’sDisease, Multiple Sclerosis, and AutismSpectrum is positive and encouraging. 2023 – reductions in depressive symptoms in those with treatment resistant depression

Answer 40

* Sun Exposure/Light Therapy * Mindfulness * Regular exercise * Massage * Prioritize QUALITY sleep (REM) * Petting an animal

Answer 41

Serotonergic agents interact with the neurotransmitter serotonin... They work by increasing, decreasing, or modulating serotonin level * Psilocybin *Mescaline *LSD *MDMA

Answer 42

Most are indirect agonist for 5HTP2A Receptor * Distortions in visual perception & dilated pupils (visual cortex) * Sensory Changes (parietal lobe) * ↓ self-awareness/reality (frontal lobe) Psilocybin and Mescaline = food poisoning in the body * Activates serotonin receptors in the gut. LSD = receptors across brain. * Long duration of effect due to “lid” in LSD neurotransmitter * Brain eventually sucks the receptor into the cell (downregulation) Hallucinogens can damage serotonin receptors but due to slow peak and deficit, not considered to be dependency building.

Answer 43

Can cause damage to the brain structure and nervous system via: *Neuronal damage *Alterations in neurotransmitters *Memory impairments * Excessive use in adolescence can trigger psychosis. MDMA binds with norepinephrine, 5HTP, and oxytocin transporters & receptors *Paralyzes norepinephrine and serotonin enzyme degradation via chemical damage *Releases free radicals which cause neuronal damage *Blocks and reverses serotonin transporters *Increased serotonin and norepinephrine = ↑ Cortisol (CRH) Abstinent MDMA users have impairment in verbal and visual memory.

Answer 44

Dopamine is released when we are attracted to a substance OR person. * When first in love: ↑ Dopamine & Norepinephrine = giddiness, energy, activated stress response Dopamine in Orbitofrontal Cortex = perseveration, obsession, and compulsions to see and be with the person.

Answer 45

Primary role in trust, attachment and bonding Contributes to contradictory feelings depending on receptor location: * Amygdala - Relaxation, Trust, Lowered levels of stress and inflammation * Lateral Septum – social distress, motivates reunification

Answer 46

Produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary glands Released during: * Prenatal development * Childbirth * Breastfeeding (along with Prolactin) * When with loved ones (you feel secure with) Can also be released through touch, music, and exercise.

Answer 47

↑ in mother during birth = induces labor, social interactive behaviors, decreased fear, induced anti-stress effects, and stimulated growth. * Activates receptors in amygdala = ↑ dopamine “reward” Newborns = ↑ oxytocin receptors in amygdala = decreased level of anxiety and the enhanced level of social interaction.

Answer 48

C-Section Birth? * Scheduled = May be no oxytocin release given absence of labor * 4 days after birth = oxytocin pulsing releases at 90 second intervals  milk ejection release Epidurals *↓ oxytocin during labor *↓ skin temperature in infant (Warmth during parent-infant contact = ↓ cortisol in parent)

Answer 49

Chronic Stress = ↓ oxytocin * Adverse Childhood Experiences (children of holocaust survivors) Patterns of insecure attachment

Answer 50

Autism Social phobias Schizophrenia Anxiety disorders * In animals, spraying oxytocin into their nasal passages = reduced stress response, more pro-social behavior * Difficult to replicate in humans given we cannot get the hormone to cross the blood brain barrier.

Answer 51

Subtype Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) found in European Americans but not Koreans * Theorized to be due to decreased likeliness in Korean cultures to seek out socio-emotional support when in distress.

Answer 52

Conversely, in fMRI imaging, oxytocin activation were greater in Chinese > French college students as distance from immediate family grew on a sales task. * Chinese were more generous than French at close social distances. * This difference was confined to family members and no significant difference in social discounting was observed between French and Chinese for non-family members.

Answer 53

In women - ↑ oxytocin = feelings of attachment & bonding In men - ↑ vasopressin = vigilance and need to guard/protect partner