Lecture 3 - Punishment And Extinction

Question 1

Is punishment a bad thing?

Answer 1

No, its neither good nor bad

Question 2

Is prison a good example pf punishment?

Answer 2

No, because its too delayed after the behaviour

Question 3

Is a speeding fine a good example of punishment?

Answer 3

No because its too delayed. But the flash of a camera could be if its been paired with a fine

Question 4

What is punishment?

Answer 4

When a response is followed immedialtely by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses

Question 5

What must happen for a stimulus change to be deemed as punishment?

Answer 5

There must be a decrease in the future frequency of that behaviour

Question 6

What is positive punishment?

Answer 6

The addition of a stimulus after a behaviour that results in a decrease in the probability of that behaviour occurin again under similar circumstances

Question 7

What is negative punishment?

Answer 7

The removal of a stimulus after a behaviour that results in a decrease in the probability of that behaviour occuring again under similar circumstances.

Question 8

Is the person punished or the behaviour?

Answer 8

The behaviour

Question 9

What is time-out?

Answer 9

Loss of positive reinforcers for a brief period contingent on the behaviour, which results in a decrease in future probability of behaviour occuring

Question 10

What does an Sdp show (little dp)?

Answer 10

The availability of punishment

Question 11

What is an unconditioned punisher?

Answer 11

A stimulus whose presentation functions as punishment without having been paired with any other punishers (unlearnt)

Question 12

What are some examples of unconditioned punishers?

Answer 12

Pain, certain smells and tastes, loss of bodily support etc

Question 13

What is a conditioned punisher?

Answer 13

A stimulus change that functions as punishment as a result of a persons conditioning history (learnt)

Question 14

What are some examples of conditioned punishers?

Answer 14

Reprimands and social disapproval

Question 15

How does immediacy affect punishment?

Answer 15

The more immediate the punisher the better

Question 16

How does intensity and magnitude affect behaviour?

Answer 16

While a punishing stimulus should be intense enough to be effective, it shouldnt be more intense than necessary

Question 17

Why does schedule affect punishment?

Answer 17

Suppressive effects are maximised with a continous schedule

Question 18

Why is reinforcement of alternative behaviours important?

Answer 18

Punishment should never be done on its own, always with reinforcement of appropriate behaviour.

Question 19

What are some side effects of punishment?

Answer 19

Emotional/aggressive behaviors, escape/avoidance, may involved undesirable modelling and negative reinforcement of the punishing agents behaviour

Question 20

When does extinction occur?

Answer 20

When a behaviour that has been previously reinforced no longer results in the reinforcing consequence and therefore the behabiour stops occuring in the future

Question 21

What are the 2 procedural variations of extinction?

Answer 21

Postitive reinforcer is no longer delievered after the behaviour & the aversive stimulus is no longer removed after the behaviour

Question 22

Extinction does not mean…

Answer 22

Simply ignoring - it means withholding the reinforcer for a behaviour

Question 23

When does ignoring the problem function as extinction?

Answer 23

When attention is the reinforcer

Question 24

When extinction starts, what is the temporary increase in behaviour called?

Answer 24

Extinction burst

Question 25

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 25

Behaviour that may re-appear after extinction has been introduced even though it has not been reinforced

Question 26

What can some effects of extinction be other than burst or spon recovery?

Answer 26

Occurence of novel behaviours and/or emotional responses or aggressive behaviour