Lecture 3 - Punishment And Extinction Flashcards
Is punishment a bad thing?
No, its neither good nor bad
Is prison a good example pf punishment?
No, because its too delayed after the behaviour
Is a speeding fine a good example of punishment?
No because its too delayed. But the flash of a camera could be if its been paired with a fine
What is punishment?
When a response is followed immedialtely by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses
What must happen for a stimulus change to be deemed as punishment?
There must be a decrease in the future frequency of that behaviour
What is positive punishment?
The addition of a stimulus after a behaviour that results in a decrease in the probability of that behaviour occurin again under similar circumstances
What is negative punishment?
The removal of a stimulus after a behaviour that results in a decrease in the probability of that behaviour occuring again under similar circumstances.
Is the person punished or the behaviour?
The behaviour
What is time-out?
Loss of positive reinforcers for a brief period contingent on the behaviour, which results in a decrease in future probability of behaviour occuring
What does an Sdp show (little dp)?
The availability of punishment
What is an unconditioned punisher?
A stimulus whose presentation functions as punishment without having been paired with any other punishers (unlearnt)
What are some examples of unconditioned punishers?
Pain, certain smells and tastes, loss of bodily support etc
What is a conditioned punisher?
A stimulus change that functions as punishment as a result of a persons conditioning history (learnt)
What are some examples of conditioned punishers?
Reprimands and social disapproval
How does immediacy affect punishment?
The more immediate the punisher the better
How does intensity and magnitude affect behaviour?
While a punishing stimulus should be intense enough to be effective, it shouldnt be more intense than necessary
Why does schedule affect punishment?
Suppressive effects are maximised with a continous schedule
Why is reinforcement of alternative behaviours important?
Punishment should never be done on its own, always with reinforcement of appropriate behaviour.
What are some side effects of punishment?
Emotional/aggressive behaviors, escape/avoidance, may involved undesirable modelling and negative reinforcement of the punishing agents behaviour
When does extinction occur?
When a behaviour that has been previously reinforced no longer results in the reinforcing consequence and therefore the behabiour stops occuring in the future
What are the 2 procedural variations of extinction?
Postitive reinforcer is no longer delievered after the behaviour & the aversive stimulus is no longer removed after the behaviour
Extinction does not mean…
Simply ignoring - it means withholding the reinforcer for a behaviour
When does ignoring the problem function as extinction?
When attention is the reinforcer
When extinction starts, what is the temporary increase in behaviour called?
Extinction burst
What is spontaneous recovery?
Behaviour that may re-appear after extinction has been introduced even though it has not been reinforced
What can some effects of extinction be other than burst or spon recovery?
Occurence of novel behaviours and/or emotional responses or aggressive behaviour
