Lecture 2 - Operant Conditioning- Pos and Neg reinforcement

Question 1

What is a response?

Answer 1

A specific instance of a particular behaviour. The response is the measurable unit of anaylsis

Question 2

What is a response measured in?

Answer 2

Repeatability and occurencecin time

Question 3

What are the two types of response classes?

Answer 3

Topographical and functional

Question 4

What is a topographical response class?

Answer 4

A collection of responses that share a common form (look the same)

Question 5

What is a functional response class?

Answer 5

A collection of responses that dont look the same but result in same consequences.

Question 6

What do we mean by environment?

Answer 6

Any physical event tht is not part of the behaviour and may include others parts of the organism.

Question 7

What do we mean by stimulus/stimuli?

Answer 7

A particular aspect of the environment that affects behaviour. Behaviour is influenced primarily by stimulus change

Question 8

What is a stimulus class?

Answer 8

A group of stimuli that share common elements, can be formal or functional

Question 9

What is a formal stimulus class?

Answer 9

Where something about the way they look is similar, eg may be same colour

Question 10

What is a functional stimulus class?

Answer 10

Where the outcomes of a stimulus are similar but not look totally different

Question 11

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 11

Behaviour operates on the environment by obtaining consequences

Question 12

What is a key feature of operant conditioning?

Answer 12

When it is arranged that occurences of a particular class of behaviour are followed by certain consequences then that class of behaviour will increase in frequency

Question 13

Finish : operant conditioing is any behaviour whose frequency is determined by its…

Answer 13

Consequences

Question 14

Appetitive stimuli =

Answer 14

Approach

Question 15

Aversive stimuli=

Answer 15

Avoid

Question 16

What is the three term contingency?

Answer 16

Antecedent - behaviour - consequence

Question 17

What is a contingency?

Answer 17

A dependent relationship between a response class and one or more stimulus classes.

Question 18

What is a consequence?

Answer 18

A stimulus that follows behaviour and affects the probablility that behaviour will occur again under similar circumstances.

Question 19

What are the four basic consequences?

Answer 19

Postive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, pos punishment, neg punishment

Question 20

What increases the likelihood of behaviour occuring again?

Answer 20

Reinforcement

Question 21

What decreases the likelihood of behaviour occuring again?

Answer 21

Punishment

Question 22

What is postitive reinforcement?

Answer 22

The addition of a stimulus after behaviour that increases the probability of that behaviour occuring again under similar circumstances n

Question 23

What CANT reinforcement do?

Answer 23

Affect the response that it follows, it can only increase te frequency with which similar responses are emitted in the future.

Question 24

In what three conditions can we say positive reinforcement has occured?

Answer 24

A reponse produces a stimulus, the reponse occurs more often and the response occurs more often because of the response-consequence relationship.

Question 25

What does it mean to say ‘1 second is less effective than 0 seconds’?

Answer 25

That the immediacy of reinforcement is important

Question 26

What is circular reasoning?

Answer 26

When an effect is mistaken as the cause

Question 27

What is one of the things reinforcement depend on?

Answer 27

Motivating operations (estabolishing and abolishing operations)

Question 28

What is automatic reinforcement?

Answer 28

Reinforcement that can occur without the mediation of others.

Question 29

What are some examples of automatic reinforcement?

Answer 29

Scratching an itch, hair twirling (sensory)

Question 30

What is an unconditioned reinforcer?

Answer 30

Reinforcement that does not depend on a relation to other reinforcers

Question 31

What are some examples of unconditioned reinforcers?

Answer 31

Food, water, oxygen, warmth, sexual stimulation.

Question 32

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

Answer 32

Something thats learnt to be reinforcing.

Question 33

Should you make reinforcement easy to access at start of intervention?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

Should you usevonly one kind of reinforcement or a variety?

Answer 34

A variety to maintain potent EO’s

Question 35

Can response prompts be used with reinforcement?

Answer 35

Yes they should be

Question 36

Wht should you do at the start of reinforcement schedule?

Answer 36

Reinforce every occurence of the behaviour

Question 37

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 37

The removal of a stimulus after a behaviour that results in an increase in the probability of that behaviour occuring again under similar circumstances.

Question 38

What distinguishes between positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 38

The stimulus change that occurs following a response

Question 39

When can a distinction between stimulus change be ambigious?

Answer 39

Turning on a heater, is this producing heat or removing cold?

Question 40

What is escape?

Answer 40

When a response terminates a stimulus which is present

Question 41

What is avoidance?

Answer 41

When a reponse prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.

Question 42

Is this escape or avoidance? You are outside in the rain and you put up your umbrella?

Answer 42

Escape as you are escaping from the rain

Question 43

Is this is escape or avoidance? You are inside and see its raining outside so put up ur umbrella before leaving the house?

Answer 43

Avoidance as u have avoided getting wet

Question 44

How are positive and negative reinforcement similar?

Answer 44

They both produce an increase in responding via a stimulus change.

Question 45

How are pos and neg reinforcement different?

Answer 45

The type of change that follows behaviour is different.