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forensic > Lecture 3: Psychopathy > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Psychopathy Flashcards

1
Q

What did Freud define “psychopathy” as?

A

Any mental or behavioral dysfunction (overused the term)

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2
Q

Is psychopathy a diagnosis?

A

No the DSM- 2 did not list psychopathy but it listed antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) a most similar

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3
Q

What was Cleckley’s definition of a psychopath?

A

Developed 21 characteristics of psychopathy (reduced to 16)
Describes a person who outwardly appears normal but underneath a “semantic neuropsychiatric defect” - an inability to have genuine emotions

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4
Q

What does the term mans sans delire mean (Phillipe Pinel, 1801?

A

Mania without delirium

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5
Q

What did James Pritchard (1835) develop as a category for a mental disorder?

A

Moral insanity

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6
Q

What did Maudsley (19th C) call psychopathy?

A

Moral imbecile

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7
Q

What are item 1-8 items on Cleckley’s checklist?

A
  1. Superficial charm & Intelligence
  2. Absence of delusions & other signs of irrational thinking
  3. Absence of nervousness or psychoneurotic manifestations
  4. Unreliability
  5. Untruthfulness & insincerity
  6. Lack of remorse/shame
  7. Inadequately motivated antisocial behavior
  8. Poor judgment/ failure to learn by experience
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8
Q

What are items 9-16 of Cleckley’s checklist?

A
  1. Pathologic egocentricity/ incapacity for love
  2. General poverty in major affective reactions
  3. Specific loss of insight
  4. Unresponsiveness in general interpersonal relations
  5. Fantastic & uninviting behaviour w/ and w/o drink
  6. Suicide threats are rarely carried out
  7. Sex life is impersonal, trivial, and poorly integrated
  8. Failure to follow any life plan
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9
Q

What did Robert Hare develop?

A

The PCL was developed based on Cleckley’s checklist (1986) & renamed the PCL-R in 1991
PCL-R was adopted as the “gold standard” for definitions of criminal psychopathy

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10
Q

Is psychopath a diagnosis in the DSM?

A

DSM-V (2013) referred to antisocial personality disorder similar to DSM-5 notes psychopathy & sociopathy but it not a diagnosis

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11
Q

In what ways can we assess psychopathy?

A

Clinical Opinion - interview person & professionals
Personality questionnaires (NEO, MMPI, PAI, TCI)
Structured diagnosis (PCL-R)
Self-report measures (LPSP, PPI-R, TriPM model)
DSM-5 (confuses ASPD & psychopathy)

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12
Q

What is the confusion between ASPD & psychopathy?

A

Criteria for ASPD: mainly criminal behaviors
In “associated features” it describes some personality traits that are associated with psychopathy
Most clinical/forensic psychologists therefore measure psychopathy separately from ASPD

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13
Q

What % of offenders reach criterion for ASPD & psychopathy?

A

60-80% of offenders reach the criterion for ASPD
10-20% reach criterion for psychopathy

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14
Q

What professions often have psychopaths?

A

Lawyers, businessmen, surgeons, professors

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15
Q

Gender & Psychopathy

A

Females have much lower scores of psychopathy

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16
Q

What is the PCL-R?

A

Hare (1999, 2003)
Requires extensive file information & specialist training & professional overseeing
Rates 20 items of personality & behavior as 0 (absent), 1 (maybe), or 2 (definitely)
Give a score out of 40 (30 is ‘cut off’)

17
Q

What are some revised checklists from the PCL-R?

A

Screening version (PCL:SV)
Youth Version (PCL:YV)
P-Scan: non clinical use; used in correctional facilities, law enforcement, probation, parole, etc
B-Scam: psychopathy in the workplace

18
Q

What are items 1-10 on the PCL-R?

A
  1. Glibness/Superficial Charm
  2. Grandiose sense of self-worth
  3. Need for stimulation- proneness to boredom
  4. Pathological lying
  5. Conning/ manipulative
  6. Lack of remorse or guilt
  7. Shallow affect
  8. Callous/ Lack of empathy
  9. Parasitic Lifestyle
  10. Poor Behavioral Controls
19
Q

What are items 11- 20 of the PCL-R?

A
  1. Promiscuous sexual behavior
  2. Behaviour problems
  3. Lack of realistic, long-term goals
  4. Impulsivity
  5. Irresponsibility
  6. Failure to accept responsibility for own actions
  7. Many “short-term” marital relationships
  8. Juvenile Delinquency
  9. Revocation of conditional release
  10. Criminal Versatility
20
Q

How is psychopathy measured on the PCL-R? (sub-types)

A

There are numbers refer to the 2 subscales
Factor 1: Affective/Interpersonal style (Pathological lying, grandiosity)
Factor 2: Behavioural Lifestyle (Recklessness, criminal behaviours)

Hare & Neumann, 2008: Identified 4 factors (Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, Antisocial)

21
Q

What is primary & secondary psychopathy?

A

Primary (Factor 1): low anxiety, callousness, superficial charm (issue with the limbic system) - INTERPERSONAL + AFFECTIVE

Secondary (Factor 2): Similar to sociopathy, lack of long-term goals, higher impulsivity & anxiety (may be impairment of frontal cortex) - IMPULSIVE-ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

22
Q

What does the TriPM measure?

A

Boldness, meanness, disinhibition
Focuses on context, risk-taking

23
Q

What does the PPI-R measure?

A

Fearless dominance, self-centered disinhibition (cold-heartedness)

24
Q

What did Gray’s (2019) study of psychopathy & impulsivity find?

A

Used the UPPS-P measure of impulsivity & PCL-R to measure impulsivity in psychopaths
Findings showed nearly every aspect of impulsivity is related to factor 2 psychopathy
Most of correlations of factor 1 are negative

25
Q

What are the criticism of the PCL-R ?

A

Psychopaths can learn how to answer the PCL-R correctly to “pass” - Book
Debate about whether “antisocial” is a consequence of other personality features
Skeem & Cooke., (2010) concerned PCL-R has become psychopathy rather than a measure of it
Hard to administer - long time, lots of training & extensive information is required

26
Q

What did Hart et al., 1988 measure & find? (release)

A

Measured psychopathy scores & release
After 3 years, 80% with a low PCL-R were still free

27
Q

What did Hare et al., (2000) study of reconviction find?

A
  • Divided 268 offenders into low & high scores of psychopathy
  • Measured whether there was a reconviction & nature of reconviction
  • Those with high PCL-R scores, around 80-90% were back in prison for general crimes. However, the key finding was that 40% were back in prison due to VIOLENT crimes.
28
Q

What did Woodworth & Porter., 2002 find when measuring cold blooded psychopathy?

A

Measured cold/hot-bloodedness of 125 ppts
Nearly all homicides committed by psychopaths were cold-blooded
This is due to Factor 1 (rather than Factor 2)

29
Q

What did Gray & Snowden., (2016) find from psychopathy in women?

A

Psychopathy measures are just as predictive of future crimes & violence as they are for men
The vast majority of work has been in adult North American white incarcerated males

30
Q

Who are Thompson & Venables?

A

abducted, tortured and murdered the toddler after leading him away from a shopping centre

31
Q

What did Viding et al., 2005 find about genetic & psychopathy?

A

UK Twin study of 3, 687 7-year old twin pairs
Rated by teachers & parents on psychopathy
Found genes account for 70% of the individual differences in callous-unemotional traits
Genetic contributions was highest when callous-unemotional traits were combined w/ antisocial behaviors

32
Q

What did Wooten et al., (1997) find from measuring callous-unemotional traits & conduct problems?

A

Ineffective parenting associated with conduct problems only in those without significant levels of callous-unemotional traits
- No relation between parenting and callous-unemotional traits

children with high CU traits exhibited significant number of conduct problems, regardless of parenting.
CU traits moderated association between poor parenting and children’s externalising behaviour

33
Q

What did Rice et al., (1992) find regarding psychopaths & response to treatment?

A

Followed each ppt after release from a therapeutic community
Treatment had the opposite effect (for psychopaths - more likely to re-offend)

This was due to ppts learning how to manipulate & press people’s buttons (though Canadian therapeutic community) and the fact cannot randomise treatment (specific group tested)

forensic (6 decks)

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