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PSYCO 258 > Lecture 3 - Perception > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Perception Flashcards

1
Q

According to the lecture, what are the four steps of cognition?

A

Transduction, sensation, perception, and finally cognition.

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2
Q

What is transduction?

A

The transformation of physical things into neural impulses.

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3
Q

What is sensation?

A

The awareness that results from activating a sensory cell; it is knowing that something is there.

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4
Q

How does perception relate to sensation?

A

The transformation of a sensation in a percept; knowing what that “something” is.

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5
Q

What is cognition?

A

The process of being aware.

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6
Q

What are 3 properties of perception?

A

Constantly changing, occurs with action, and there is a process.

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7
Q

What are the two approaches to how perception happens?

A

Top-down and bottom-up processing.

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8
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Expectations, knowledge, schemas, attention, and thinking influencing perception.

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9
Q

What is bottom-up processing.

A

Comes from senses; starts small, becomes more complex.

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10
Q

Is perception necessarily top-down or bottom-up?

A

No, where these two processes meet is where perception occurs.

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11
Q

What are 3 problems that make visual perception difficult?

A

The ambiguity of light, ambiguity of shape, and issues of size and distance.

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12
Q

What is meant by the ambiguity of light?

A

Light sources, reflections, and shadows can play tricks on the brain.

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13
Q

What is meant by the ambiguity of shape?

A

A 2D image falls on the retina and the brain must recreate it in 3D, which leaves room for error.

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14
Q

What is luminance?

A

The amount of light that enters the eye.

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15
Q

What is the inverse projection problem?

A

The task of trying to determine the object that caused the image on on the retina.

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16
Q

When does viewpoint invariance occur?

A

When the view of an object shifts and the shape changes.

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17
Q

What is the issue of size and distance?

A

We don’t know if what we’re seeing is a small thing up close or a big thing far away.

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18
Q

What are 4 solutions to the problems of perception?

A

Reliance of physical regularities, semantic regularities, frames of reference, and convergence/retinal disparity.

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19
Q

What are 3 things that can be relied on based on physical regularities?

A

The likelihood principle, consistent lighting from above, and shape/shadows.

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20
Q

What are two semantic regularities?

A

Scene schemas and familiar size.

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21
Q

What are scene schemas?

A

Knowing what is normally in an environment and using that to infer what an object is.

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22
Q

What is the idea of familiar size?

A

We know how big things normally are, and we can use this as a cue.

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23
Q

What is the most common frame of reference?

A

Gravity.

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24
Q

What is the idea of convergence?

A

Parallel lines will converge as they get farther and farther away.

25
Q

What are the two sides of the retina?

A

Temporal (temple) and nasal (nose).

26
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

Neurons inhibiting the actions of other neurons.

27
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

Where visual information switches over to the opposite side of the brain.

28
Q

What is the LGN?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus. A relay centre in the thalamus for the visual pathway. The main connection between the optic nerve and the occipital lobe.

29
Q

What is the superior colliculus?

A

The part of the brain that controls the eye movements and mediates input from other senses.

30
Q

What are the optic radiation?

A

Axons that radiate out from the LGN to the primary visual cortex.

31
Q

What is the primary visual cortex?

A

The part of the cortex that interprets and perceives visual information.

32
Q

Where do the different sides of the retina send visual information?

A

Left nasal and right temporal sides perceive left visual field and send to the right side hemisphere. Right nasal and left temporal sides perceive right visual field and send to left hemisphere.

33
Q

What are 2 properties of visual neurons?

A

There are specific neurons that respond to horizontal and vertical lines. Neurons have experience-dependent plasticity.

34
Q

What are the two pathways in the brain?

A

Dorsal and ventral streams.

35
Q

What is the “what” & “where” hypothesis?

A

One visual stream relays “what” information and the other relays “where” information.

36
Q

Which scientists are credited with the “what” & “where” hypothesis?

A

Ungerleider and Mishkin.

37
Q

What is the object discrimination problem?

A

Familiarizing an animal subject with an object, adding a foreign object, and only rewarding the animal for choosing the familiar object. Damaging the ventral (what) pathway results in the subject choosing the wrong object.

38
Q

What is the landmark discrimination problem?

A

There are two trapdoors, the one with food is indicated by landmark. Damaging the dorsal (where) pathway results in the subject choosing the wrong trapdoor.

39
Q

What is the “how” pathway?

A

The dorsal stream. Tells us how to behave and interact with the world based on what’s around us.

40
Q

What scientists are credited with the “how” pathway?

A

Goodale and Milner.

41
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

A disorder in which people can see objects but not know what they are.

42
Q

What is optic ataxia?

A

A disorder in which people have an inability to control or guide motions in space.

43
Q

What is the theory of unconscious inference? Whose theory is it?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz. We unconsciously use the likelihood principle to determine what we are perceiving.

44
Q

What is the likelihood principle?

A

We use our knowledge of what is most likely to be perceived as what we do perceive.

45
Q

Does the theory of unconscious inference hold much weight?

A

No, it is not supported by evidence.

46
Q

What is the pandemonium model? Whose theory is it?

A

Oliver Selfridge. Theorizes that the mind works on a feature detection model; all the neurons fire at once in response to different features and the one that “screams the loudest” is what we perceive.

47
Q

What is the recognition by components theory? Whose theory is it?

A

Irving Biederman. Theorizes that all objects are made up of geometric components called “geons,” and that perception is just segmenting a complex shape into simpler shapes which we can recognize.

48
Q

What is the evidence for the recognition by components theory? (3)

A

Colour, shading, and texture are mostly extraneous; complex objects are recognized faster; occluding intersecting points makes recognition slower.

49
Q

What problems are there with the recognition by components theory? (3)

A

A person’s age and gender tell us a lot, but that is not information present in geons; changing certain features can make a big different (e.g., colour of a lemon); upside down faces are harder to recognize.

50
Q

What is the Gestalt theory of perceptual organization?

A

Grouping of sensations leads to the perception of objects.

51
Q

What is the Bayesian theory?

A

That we model our perception in terms of probability theory. Our beliefs about probability stem from prior perception and likelihoods of events.

52
Q

What is the interface theory of perception? Who is credited with it?

A

Donald Hoffman. Perceptions are a user interface that we have developed as a species, challenges the principle of faithful depiction.

53
Q

What is the principle of faithful depiction?

A

The idea that when we perceive something, it is what’s really out there and not something else.

54
Q

What is Bayes’ circle?

A

The paradox that stems from prior experience coming from perception, but those perceptions come from prior experience.

55
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

A condition in which activation of one sense automatically activates another sense.

56
Q

What is the most common type of synesthesia?

A

Mixing of colours with other senses.

57
Q

What clinical test is used to diagnose synesthesia?

A

A shape is laud out suing one letter of the alphabet and other letters are added at random. Subjects are then tested in their ability to make out the shape.

58
Q

Do people in the same family who both have synesthesia see them are thing?

A

They don’t necessarily associate colours with the same things.

59
Q

What is blindsight?

A

The ability to visually identify objects even though the visual centre has been damaged.

PSYCO 258 (4 decks)

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