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Plants and the Environment > Lecture 3 part 2 Plant diversity lower land plants > Flashcards

Lecture 3 part 2 Plant diversity lower land plants Flashcards

1
Q

How are green land plants defined?

A

Cell structure & biochemistry

–Degree of vegetative complexity

–Type of life cycle

–Degree of complexity of their reproductive structures

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2
Q

What is the basic cell structure?

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

What are the Chloroplast pgiments?

A

mainly chlorophylls & some carotenoids

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4
Q

What is the cell wall made out of?

A

made of cellulose

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5
Q

What is the typical storage material?

A

starch

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6
Q

What kind of flagella do Motile cells (Male gametes) have?

A

whiplash flagella

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7
Q

What growing points define Growth

A

–Called meristems

–Continue to divide indefinitely

–Plant body differentiates from the maturing daughter cells as the meristem grows away

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8
Q

Plant body shows differentiation into?

A

leaves & stems

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9
Q

What do some plant bodies lack?

A

Some lack this & body is flat & lobed

•Thallus

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10
Q

What does Elongated outgrowths increase?

A

the surface area in contact with the substrate (root hairs or rhizoids)

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11
Q

What phases do plants alternate between?

A

haploid phase

diploid phase

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12
Q

What is Haploid phase?

A

single set of chromosomes

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13
Q

What is diploid phase?

A

each nucleus contains 2 complete sets of chromosomes

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14
Q

What is the process that leads to the plant phase alternation?

A

fusion of gametes and meiosis.

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15
Q

What are gametes?

A

haploid unicellular reproductive bodies which fuse in pairs to form a diploid cell called a zygote

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16
Q

In most simple algae the vegetative plant is?

A

haploid

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17
Q

in most simple Algae the Zygote is?

A

diploid phase

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18
Q

For most animals the organism’s chromosomes are?

A

diploid & the gametes are haploid

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19
Q

What types of organism have an alternation of generations?

A

In advanced algae & all land plants

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20
Q

What are both haploid and diploid phases represented by?

A

distinctive vegetative organisms

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21
Q

What are the two distinct types of plants species consist of?

A

one haploid & one diploid

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22
Q

What is the order of the plant life cycle?

A

Haploid phase (Gametophyte) -> Fusion of gametes -> Diploid phase (sporophyte) -> Meiosis. Then back to Haploid phase

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23
Q

What is the order of the generalised life cycle of lower male land plants?

A

Multicellular vegetative haploid plant (gametophyte) -> Male sex organ(gametangium) -> antherozoids -> FUSION -> Zygote -> Multicellular vegetative diploid plant(sporophyte) -> Sporangium -> MEIOSIS -> SPORES

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24
Q

What is the order of the generalised life cycle of lower female land plants?

A

Multicellular vegetative haploid plant (gametophyte) -> Female sex organ (gametangium) -> egg -> FUSION -> Zygote -> Multicellular vegetative diploid plant(sporophyte) -> Sporangium -> MEIOSIS -> SPORES

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25
Q

How do haploid plants give rise to the diploid?

A

producing gametes–Called a gametophyte

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26
Q

These fuse in pairs to form a?

A

zygote

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27
Q

What does a zygote grow to form?

A

a diploid plant

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28
Q

What are the 2 kinds of gametes in all land plants?

A

–Male (small & motile)

–Female (large & non-motile)

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29
Q

What are the structure which give rise to gametes?

A

gametangia

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30
Q

Outline the main features of a diploid plant

A

-produces reproductive cells

–By meiosis

–Each grows to form a haploid plant without any fusion of pairs

–Unicellular propagule – called a spore

–Diploid plant is known as the sporophyte

•Spores are produced in a sporangium

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31
Q

What organisms do Byrophytes include?

A

–Mosses

–Liverworts

–Hornworts (Anthocerotae)

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32
Q

Outline the main features of a Bryophyta

A
  • Multicellular
  • Simple plants with some tissue differentiation
  • Non-vascular plants
  • Lack roots, have only slender rhizoids
  • Have no woody parts
  • Need water to complete their life cycle
  • Susceptible to dessication
  • Live in moist habitats
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33
Q

Give an example of the similarities between mosses and chlorophytes?

A

Especially between chlorophyte filaments & the moss protonema (juvenile moss from germinated spore)

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34
Q

What does the similarities between mosses and chlorophytes suggest?

A

Suggests that bryophytes evolved from certain chlorophytes

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35
Q

What chlorophylls do chloroplasts contain?

A

a & b

36
Q

What kind of carotenoids do chloroplasts contain?

A

less abundant carotenoids (usually β carotene)•

37
Q

What kind of alternation of generations does the life cycle of Bryophyta have?

A

Shows a heteromorphic alternation of generations

38
Q

What is the dominant generation for Bryophyta?

A

Haploid gametophyte (maybe homo- or heterothallic) is the dominant generation

39
Q

What part of the Ephemeral sporophyte is party or completely parasitic?

A

partly (or completely) parasitic on the gametophyte–Consists of a stalk bearing the spore capsule

40
Q

What type of reproduction is common in Bryophyta?

A

Asexual reproduction

41
Q

What does it mean by the Life cycle is an alternation of generation?

A

Both haploid & diploid phases are represented by distinct vegetative organisms

42
Q

What does it mean by the Life cycle is heteromorphic?

A

Haploid & diploid plants are morphologically distinct from one another

43
Q

Outline the main features of a Haploid plant

A

–Reproduces by gametes

–Known as gametophyte

–Diploid plant reproduces by spores

–Known as sporophyte

44
Q

Outline the main features of the Bryophyte structure?

A

•Main plant body bears the gamete forming male organs (antheridia) & female organs (archegonia) (collectively known as gametangia (gamete forming organs)

–is known as the gametophyte

45
Q

(Bryophyte structure) Antheridia give rise to?

A

the male gametes or antherozoids

46
Q

(Bryophyte structure) Archegonia give rise to?

A

to the female gametes or eggs

47
Q

Sporangia are reproductive organs which produce?

A

spores

48
Q

Early summer sperm (antherozoids) released from the?

A

Antheridia

49
Q

How do antherozoids (Summer sperm) get to a female archegonium?

A

swim in a film of water along the plant surface, enter a female archegonium & fertilise the oosphere, or egg

50
Q

Is a oosphere haploid of diploid?

A

diploid

51
Q

Is a gametophyte diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

52
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

53
Q

What does a oosphere undergo to become a fully formed sporophyte (A capsule on a seta (stalk)?

A

The oosphere undergoes mitosis, grows out of the archegonium & by quick growth in the following Feb/Mar develops into the fully formed sporophyte, a capsule on a seta (stalk)

54
Q

How are elaters are formed?

A

Meiosis occurs within the capsule & haploid spores & elaters are formed

55
Q

What happens to cause the spores to disperse?

A

The capsule splits, the elaters twist as they dry, dispersing the spores.

56
Q

What happens after the spores are dispersed?

A

The spores germinate on damp soil & grow into a haploid gametophyte

57
Q

What are the specialised methods of reproduction commonly developed in vegetation?

A

–Young leaf tips of foliose liverworts often bear small gemmae

–Some thallose liverworts produce gemmae cups on the dorsal surface

–Some mosses produce gemmae at the stem ends

–Some mosses produce bulbils (or other propagules) in the leaf axils

58
Q

Outline the main characteristics of a Bryophytes

A
  • Basically land plants–A few have adapted to aquatic environments
  • Most species dry out readily
  • Characteristic of moist or shady places
  • Many mosses survive long periods of dessication–& can endure high temperatures in a dry dormant state
  • Most Bryos thrive in low light intensities
  • Many occur as epiphytes
  • A large proportion prefer acid habitats, others may be calcicolous
59
Q

What is the largest group of lower vascular plants?

A

Filicinae

60
Q

How are Filicinae distinguised from other sub-divisions?

A

– their large leaves with complex branching systems

–Reproducing by spores

61
Q

What is the general structure of a fern leaf?

A

Most fern leaves have forking veins which do not join together to form a net–Has a stele with xylem & phloem

62
Q

Do ferns have an alternation of generations?

A

Yes

63
Q

In ferns Sporophytes are?

A

dominant

64
Q

In ferns Gametophytes are?

A

thalloid & much reduced

65
Q

What are both Sporophytes and Gametophytes in Ferns?

A

Independant

66
Q

How is Differentiation shown in sporophyte?

A

Differentiation is well marked in the sporophyte

67
Q

How and where are spores produced in ferns?

A

Spores produced in sporangia, located in a sorus which usually has a protective indusium

68
Q

Where are Seri located in ferns?

A

Sori located on underside of fern fronds

69
Q

How is fertilisation undergone in ferns?

A

Fertilisation is by swimming of motile antherozoids from the antheridium to the archegonium & oosphere

70
Q

Briefly describe Tracheophyta

A

Gametophyte plants – tiny & thallose–Or poorly differentiated underground plants–Is reduced & almost eliminated from the LC

  • Have vascular tissue
  • Plant is divided into root, stem & leaf
71
Q

Briefly describe Filicinae

A

Plants in which the stem is an underground rhizome

  • Leaves are large & dominate the stem–Often divided & resemble a system of branches–Veins rarely fuse together (no network)
  • In most ferns the leaf unrolls from the bud
  • Sporangia of ferns – usually borne in large numbers–Aggregated into sori–Each sorus develops under a protective flap (indusium)
72
Q

How do you identify ferns?

A
  • On number of times the frond branches

* Shape of the indusium & its attachment to the sorus

73
Q

What kind of environment do ferns prefer?

A

prefer humid shaded habitats

  • Relatively small number are adapted to dry/sunny conditions–Have reduced surfaces–Or a covering of hairs or scales
  • To prevent loss of moisture
  • Greatest number of fern spp. found in the tropics
74
Q

What are Lichens?

A
  • An association between a fungus & an alga or a cyanobacteria (a photosynthetic symbiont)
  • Fungal lifestyle equivalent to parasitism or saprophytism
  • Not a taxonomic group
  • 1/5th of all fungi are parasitised
75
Q

What is the current world-wide total of Lichens?

A

Current world-wide total = 13,500

76
Q

How many Lichens are in GB and Ireland?

A

1,700

77
Q

What does each Lichen contain?

A

a different fungus

78
Q

How many photosynthetic partners are involved in lichen formation?

A

BUT only a small number of photosynthetic partners are involved in lichen formation–40 genera, 25 algal & 15 cyanobacterial

79
Q

What has an influence on thallus development and architecture?

A

Algal partner

80
Q

Taxonomy of lichen algae and cyanobacteria is?

A

Underdevelopment

81
Q

How many partners come together to form a thallus?

A

Two

82
Q

(Lichens - morphology) What are the 6 categories recognised?

A

–Fruticose (or shrubby)

–Foliose (flat & “leafy”)

–Crustose (underside of the thallus is closely attached to the substratum

  • Squamulose (small scales)
  • Placoid (elegant rosettes, lobed towards the margin)
  • Crustose (true crusts – upper crust resembles crazy paving)
  • Leprose – diffuse powdery mass of small granules
83
Q

Explain Asexual reproduction in Lichens

A

•Asexual - Thallus fragmentation

–parts break off & are capable of growing into new plants

–Small outgrowths on the upper surface (isidia)

  • Broken off when touched
  • Production of powdery granules (soredia)

–Borne in patches on the upper surface or on edges of the thallus

84
Q

Explain Sexual reproduction in Lichens

A

•Sexual – spores produced by perennial fruiting bodies on the thallus surface

85
Q

What kinds of climates can Lichens survive in and how?

A
  • Can tolerate complete drying out for long periods – for over a year
  • Resume normal activity once re-wetted
  • In the dry state they can survive extremes of heat & cold, but are incapable of any growth
  • Take up water rapidly by absorbing it over their surface
  • Some take up water from water vapour
86
Q

What are Lichens exploited for by animals?

A
  • Food
  • Concealment
  • Shelter
87
Q

How does environmental pollution effect Lichens?

A
  • Most are susceptible to environmental contamination
  • Air pollution has the greatest effect on lichens

–Reduced to just a few spp. in towns

–Indicators of background air pollution are tolerant

–Most are harmed by pollution

Plants and the Environment (12 decks)

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