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Embryology > Lecture 3 Oralfacial Structures > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Oralfacial Structures Flashcards

1
Q

OROFACIAL GLANDS

A

GLAND:
A structure that produces a secretion to regulate body’s normal functioning.
EXOCRINE GLAND:
A gland with a duct that releases secretions, such as sweat or saliva directly to target areas.
ENDOCRINE GLAND:
A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly
into the blood stream.

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2
Q

THYROID GLAND

A
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3
Q

THYROID GLAND

A

THYROID GLAND
• Largest endocrine gland, very vascular.
• Consists of 2 large lobes connected by an isthmus in the middle.
• Secretes hormones (thyroxine)
that control and regulate metabolism and growth.
• Located below the larynx on either side and in front of the trachea.
• Is not visible but should be palpated during the extra oral exam - should exhibit mobility and move superiorly when client swallows.

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4
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE THYROID GLAND

A

• CAPSULE - connective tissue that surrounds the thyroid.
• SEPTUM (plural: septa) - separates the gland into larger lobes and smaller lobules.
• LOBULES - composed of follicles:
irregularly shaped sphere-like masses that are embedded in a meshwork of reticular fibres.
• FOLLICLES - a cavity filled with colloid, layered with simple cuboidal epithelium.
• COLLOID - a stiff material reserved for the future production of thyroxin.

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5
Q

PARATHYROID GLANDS

A

• Consist of 4 to 8 small endocrine glands, two on each side, close to the thyroid gland or even inside it on its posterior surface.
• These glands are not visible or palpable during an extra oral examination of a patient.
• Secrete parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels.
• May alter the function of the thyroid gland if they are involved in a disease process.

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6
Q

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

A
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7
Q

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

• Part of the immune system, helps defend the body against disease.
• Closely related with the cardiovascular system.
• Transports excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.

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8
Q

LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND CAPILLARIES

A
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9
Q

LYMPH

A

• Lymph: Tissue fluid that drains from surrounding region into lymphatic vessels.
• Increased pressure within interstitial spaces forces some fluid into the lymphatic capillaries.
• It transports foreign particles to the lymph nodes and returns protein molecules into the bloodstream.

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10
Q

LYMPHATIC PATHWAYS

A
  1. LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES:
    - microscopic close ended tubes that extend into interstitial space, that receive lymph through their walls.
  2. LYMPHATIC VESSELS:
    - formed by merging of lymphatic capillaries, then lead to lymph nodes and then merge into lymphatic trunks.
    - they have walls similar to veins, and valves to prevent backflow of lymph (lymph goes in but not back out: one-way valves).
  3. LYMPHATIC TRUNKS AND
    COLLECTING DUCTS:
    - lymphatic trunks drain lymph from large body regions and lead to two collecting ducts in the thorax.
    - collecting ducts join the subclavian veins.
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11
Q

Lymphatic Pathways
Flow Chart

A
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12
Q

LYMPH NODES

A

• Bean-shaped bodies grouped in clusters along the lymphatic vessels.
• Lymph nodes are composed of lymphocytes and macrophages:
- these cells filter toxic products from the lymph to prevent entry into the vascular system.

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13
Q

LYMPH NODES: STRUCTURE

A

Capsule: a band of connective tissue surrounding the node.
-Lymph flows into the lymph nodes through afferent vessels.
- Lymph flows out of the lymph node through efferent vessels where a small depression, called the hilus, is present.

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14
Q

Trabeculae:

A

Trabeculae: extensions of connective tissue from the capsule into the node that divide the node into nodules or follicles

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15
Q

Germinal Centre

A

Germinal center: the middle of each nodule where masses of immature lymphocytes mature into B-cells and aid in the production of plasma cells.

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16
Q

LOCATION OF LYMPH NODES

A

They occur in groups or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels.
Mainly located in:
cervical (head/neck)
auxiliary (armpit)
inguinal (groin)
regions.

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17
Q

Lymph Nodes of the Head

A
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18
Q

Lymph Nodes of the Neck pg. 7

A
19
Q

Pic of nodes

A
20
Q

INTRAORAL TONSILAR
TISSUE
3 Types

A

3 TYPES:
1. PALATINE TONSILS
2. LINGUAL TONSILS
3. PHARYGEAL
TONSILS

21
Q

INTRAORAL TONSILAR TISSUE

A

1) PALATINE TONSILS:
Two rounded masses located between anterior and posterior faucial pillars.
-• Each mass contains fused-together lymphatic nodules that have germinal centers.
• Each tonsil has 10 to 20 epithelial invaginations, or grooves, which penetrate deeply into the tonsil to form tonsillar crypts (deep groove which increase surface area.

22
Q

INTRAORAL
- TONSILAR TISSUE

A

2) LINGUAL TONSILS:
• Layer of indistinct diffuse lymphoid tissue located on the base of the dorsal tongue, behind circumvallate papillae.

23
Q

Tongue

A

Tip of tongue Fungiform papillae

24
Q

INTRAORAL TONSILAR TISSUE

A

3) PHARYGEAL TONSILS:
• Found behind uvula, on the superior and posterior walls of the nasopharynx forming an incomplete ring of tissue called Waldeyer’s ring.
• If they become enlarged (usually in children), they are referred to as adenoids.

25
Q

NASAL CAVITY

A

• Anterior region opens up to outside through two nostrils (nares) and is divided by the nasal septum (composed of cartilage and bone)
what kind of cartilage??
• Posterior region opens up to the nasopharynx.
• Median wall is called the septum.
• Lateral wall has 3 projecting structures called the conchae which extend inward. Underneath each conchae, there is a passageway to paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts (tear ducts).
The posterior part of the nasal cavity communicates with the nasopharynx and respiratory system.

26
Q

LATERLA VIEW OF NASAL
CAVITY

A
27
Q

Histology of the Nasal Cavity

A

Histology of the Nasal
• The nasal cavity is lined by a respiratory mucosa, which is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
• Within the epithelium are goblet cells (secrete mucin) which rest on the basement membrane.

28
Q

NASAL CAVITY - pg. 144

A

Goblet cells - secrete mucin to moisten and humidify the nasal
cavity and trap foreign materials.
Cilia - trap and move foreign materials to either be swallowed or
expelled.
Lamina propria - is very vascular and warms the air we breath.
Olfactory mucosa - is a specialized area, which caries receptors
for the sense of smell.
Erectile tissue - covers each of the conchae and is responsible for great engorgement (fills with blood) of one of the openings every 30 - 60 mins to allow the tissue to recover from dryness caused by breathing.

29
Q

PARANASAL SINUSES

A

• Paired, air filled, mucous-lined cavities in the head and cheek bones that drain into the nasal cavity through openings on the lateral nasal wall.
-• 4 pairs:
- frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses.
• Function: lighten the scull bones, add resonance to the voice, moisten the nasal cavity.
• Lined by respiratory mucosa (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium), thinner with less goblet cells than the nasal cavity mucosa.
Also has thinner lamina propria and no erectile tissue.

30
Q

A collection of similarly specialized cells in the body is termed a(n):

A

Tissue

31
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is:

A

Single layer of cube-like cells.

32
Q

Basement membrane is an acellular structure composed of 3 layers.

A

True

33
Q

The most common cell type found in all connective tissue is:

A

Fibroblast

34
Q

This connective tissue stores fat and acts as a heat insulator:

A

Adipose tissue

35
Q

Cartilage lacks direct blood supply and is slow to heal.

A

True

36
Q

Osteoclasts are:

A

Bone-resorbing cells

37
Q

Endochondral ossification uses interstitial growth from pre-existing cartilage model.

A

True

38
Q

Smooth muscle is controlled by voluntary activity:

A

False

39
Q

Afferent nerve caries
information from PS to CNS:

A

True

40
Q

Exocrine gland is:

A

A gland with a duct.

41
Q

Lymphatic system is part of the immune system, and is closely related with the cardiovascular system.

A

True

42
Q

These structures occur in groups or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels, and actively filter out lymph:

A

Lymph Nodes

43
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in:

A

A. The nasal cavity
B. Paranasal sinuses
C. All of the above
D. None of the above
C All the above

44
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

Between anterior and posterior faucial pillars.

Embryology (8 decks)

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