Lecture 3- oral physio (reiser)

Question 1

the preparatory and oral phases of swallowing are…. and the pharyngeal and esophageal phases are…

Answer 1

voluntary, normally subconcious

involuntary

Question 2

… muscles do NOT have a prominent role in swallowing before tooth eruption

Answer 2

jaw closer

Question 3

The genioglossus has a high proportion of…. fibers and is an…. tongue muscle and forms the majority of the body of the tongue

Answer 3

fast twitch

extrinsic

Question 4

4 jaw openers

Answer 4

lateral pterygoid
digastric
geniohyoid
mylohyoid

Question 5

3 jaw closers

Answer 5

masseter
medial pterygoid
temporalis

Question 6

the masseter has more… twitch fibers anteriorly and more…. twitch fibers posteriorly. why?

Answer 6

slow anterior
fast posterior

the farther away from the joint the easier to generate force

Question 7

myosin isoforms of the masseter include …. (4)

Answer 7

adult slow
embryonic
neonatal
alpha cardiac (rhythmic contractions)

Question 8

bruxing can cause…. which can cause an increase in…. which will lead to …. and…. contractions which could affect chewing and speech

Answer 8

hypertrophy
slow myosin
slower
less powerful

Question 9

is the temporalis slower or faster than the masseter?

Answer 9

faster

Question 10

the temporalis also exhibits compartmentalization. anteriorly it has mostly…. fibers and posteriorly it has more… fibers

Answer 10

slow

fast

Question 11

In the medial pterygoid, …. predominates

Answer 11

slow myosin

Question 12

the general pattern for ALL jaw closers is that there is more slow myosin ….. and…… rather than … and…

Answer 12

more slow myosin DEEP and ANTERIOR than

superficial and posterior

Question 13

… is defined as the sense of movement and position

Answer 13

kinesthesia

Question 14

The lateral pterygoid is a jaw opener and is classified as a …. and dysfx of this muscle can cause…

Answer 14

protractor

ADD in TMJ dysfx

Question 15

most fibers in muscles are …. fibers which do the work associated with contractions

Answer 15

extrafusal

Question 16

A muscle spindle includes…..

Answer 16

1. external capsule
2. intrafusal muscle fibers
3. efferent nerve fibers
4. sensory nerve fibers
5. lymph

Question 17

The muscle fibers in a spindle are …. and ….

Answer 17

nuclear bag intrafusal fibers in the equatorial region

nuclear chain intrafusal fibers in the polar region

Question 18

The efferent nerve fibers in spindles can be… or … but …. are the most common

Answer 18

Gamma or beta fusimotor fibers

Gamma are most common

Question 19

The sensory nerve fibers of spindles are … and….

Answer 19

Ia afferent “primary”

II afferent “secondary”

Question 20

muscle spindles are …. sensors and are …. in length and …. in diameter

Answer 20

length
1-3 mm
200 um

Question 21

Type Ia afferent fibers in spindles are …. and type II are …

Answer 21

very accurate/ dynamic

less dynamic but provide info over longer period

Question 22

maintenance of muscle spindle sensitivity is achieved through … which cause the polar regions to shorten in response to a muscle shortening. This then causes the …to stretch which restores sensitivity

Answer 22

gamma motorneurons

equatorial

Question 23

Golgi tendon organs are receptors that are located in the … itself and are … with the extrafusal muscle fibers. they generate signals that are proportional to the ….. generated by the muscle fibers

Answer 23

tendon
in-series
force

Question 24

Carnivores have a large…. and the jaw closers express….

Answer 24

temporalis

masticatory myosin

Question 25

Herbivores have a large.... and the jaw closers express...

Answer 25

masseter | alpha cardiac myosin

Question 26

4 phases of the chewing cycle

Answer 26

slow opening fast opening fast closing slow closing

Question 27

3 masticatory phases

Answer 27

1. preparatory 2. reduction 3. pre-swallowing

Question 28

there is little EMG activity in .... during the preparatory phase

Answer 28

jaw closers

Question 29

there is alternating EMG activities in openers and closers in which masticatory phases?

Answer 29

ALL

Question 30

The preparatory phase is fairly.... while the reduction phase is.... and the preswallowing phase is...

Answer 30

variable regular and rhythmic regular

Question 31

2 sensory nuclei involved in the control of mastication are

Answer 31

1. trigeminal sensory nucleus | 2. trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus

Question 32

Cells of the trigeminal sensory nucleus innervate..... and project to...

Answer 32

face and oral cavity | cerebellar and cerebral cortex

Question 33

the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus recieves info from....

Answer 33

- jaw closers | - mechanorecep. on PDLs, gingiva and palate

Question 34

3 motor nuclei of masticatory control

Answer 34

1. trigeminal motor nucleus 2. hypoglossal motor nucleus 3. facial motor nucleus

Question 35

the brainstem can function... in control of mastication and probably contains a...

Answer 35

autonomously | "pattern generator"

Question 36

The jaw closing reflex involves afferent fibers from.... which have cell bodies in the.... that synapse on alpha motor neurons in.... This reflex is.... which means it is fast and requires virtually no modulation from higher centers

Answer 36

- muscle spindles - trigeminal mesencephalic sensory nucleus - trigeminal motor nucleus -monosynaptic

Question 37

Which is polysynaptic and which is monosynaptic? jaw closing and jaw opening

Answer 37

jaw closing is mono jaw opening is poly

Question 38

The .... is a temporary sphincter that forms in the preparatory phase of swallowing and prevents a food bolus from entering the pharynx prematurely

Answer 38

glossopalatal sphincter

Question 39

which muscles are involved in the preparatory and oral phases of swallowing ? mandibular and facial

Answer 39

mandibular- masseter, medial pterygoid, temporalis facial- labial and buccinator

Question 40

is the epiglottis absolutely required to prevent aspiration?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

the muscles involved in the preparatory and oral phases of swallowing is a variable group and which ones are involved depend on food consistency. They are referred to as the .... group of muscles

Answer 41

facultative

Question 42

the muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing are referred to as the.... group and it is much more consistent than the prep and oral phases

Answer 42

obligate

Question 43

4 mechanisms that prevent aspiration

Answer 43

1. resp is inhib 2. larynx and upper esophageal sphincter elevate 3. intrinsic muscles of glottis move vocal cords toward each other 4. bolus moves through sinuses in pharynx

Question 44

the brainstem swallowing center has 3 components

Answer 44

1. sensory nuclei 2. interneuronal network 3. motor nuclei

Question 45

programming of obligate muscles (pharyngeal phase of swallowing) begins ..... which is different from facultative muscles (prep and oral phases of swallowing) which have different patterns of activation before and after tooth eruption

Answer 45

in utero

Question 46

before tooth eruptions... and.... muscles develop for tongue thrust

Answer 46

orbicularis oris and buccinator

Question 47

... muscles do not have a prominent role in swallowinf before eruption

Answer 47

jaw loser

Question 48

if infantile swallowinf is maintained after tooth eruption then ... can result specifically an...

Answer 48

malocclusion | anterior open bite

Question 49

can infants swallow without disrupting respiration?

Answer 49

NO

Question 50

both ... and ... have a prominent role in infantile suckling

Answer 50

jaw opening and jaw closing

Question 51

is respiration maintained during infantile suckling

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

suckling as well as swallowing begins...

Answer 52

in utero

Question 53

adult suckling is driven by ... muscles and .... and... do not have a prominent role

Answer 53

inspiratory jaw open/jaw closing muscles

Question 54

stimul for emesis can be ... or ...

Answer 54

physiological or disease related

Question 55

the first phase of vomiting is ... which is characterized by tachycardia, licking, salivating and relaxation of proximal part of stomach

Answer 55

pre-ejection

Question 56

what coordinates vomiting

Answer 56

group of nuclei in medulla