Lecture 3- oral physio (reiser) Flashcards
the preparatory and oral phases of swallowing are…. and the pharyngeal and esophageal phases are…
voluntary, normally subconcious
involuntary
… muscles do NOT have a prominent role in swallowing before tooth eruption
jaw closer
The genioglossus has a high proportion of…. fibers and is an…. tongue muscle and forms the majority of the body of the tongue
fast twitch
extrinsic
4 jaw openers
lateral pterygoid
digastric
geniohyoid
mylohyoid
3 jaw closers
masseter
medial pterygoid
temporalis
the masseter has more… twitch fibers anteriorly and more…. twitch fibers posteriorly. why?
slow anterior
fast posterior
the farther away from the joint the easier to generate force
myosin isoforms of the masseter include …. (4)
adult slow
embryonic
neonatal
alpha cardiac (rhythmic contractions)
bruxing can cause…. which can cause an increase in…. which will lead to …. and…. contractions which could affect chewing and speech
hypertrophy
slow myosin
slower
less powerful
is the temporalis slower or faster than the masseter?
faster
the temporalis also exhibits compartmentalization. anteriorly it has mostly…. fibers and posteriorly it has more… fibers
slow
fast
In the medial pterygoid, …. predominates
slow myosin
the general pattern for ALL jaw closers is that there is more slow myosin ….. and…… rather than … and…
more slow myosin DEEP and ANTERIOR than
superficial and posterior
… is defined as the sense of movement and position
kinesthesia
The lateral pterygoid is a jaw opener and is classified as a …. and dysfx of this muscle can cause…
protractor
ADD in TMJ dysfx
most fibers in muscles are …. fibers which do the work associated with contractions
extrafusal
A muscle spindle includes…..
- external capsule
- intrafusal muscle fibers
- efferent nerve fibers
- sensory nerve fibers
- lymph
The muscle fibers in a spindle are …. and ….
nuclear bag intrafusal fibers in the equatorial region
nuclear chain intrafusal fibers in the polar region
The efferent nerve fibers in spindles can be… or … but …. are the most common
Gamma or beta fusimotor fibers
Gamma are most common
The sensory nerve fibers of spindles are … and….
Ia afferent “primary”
II afferent “secondary”
muscle spindles are …. sensors and are …. in length and …. in diameter
length
1-3 mm
200 um
Type Ia afferent fibers in spindles are …. and type II are …
very accurate/ dynamic
less dynamic but provide info over longer period
maintenance of muscle spindle sensitivity is achieved through … which cause the polar regions to shorten in response to a muscle shortening. This then causes the …to stretch which restores sensitivity
gamma motorneurons
equatorial
Golgi tendon organs are receptors that are located in the … itself and are … with the extrafusal muscle fibers. they generate signals that are proportional to the ….. generated by the muscle fibers
tendon
in-series
force
Carnivores have a large…. and the jaw closers express….
temporalis
masticatory myosin
Herbivores have a large…. and the jaw closers express…
masseter
alpha cardiac myosin
4 phases of the chewing cycle
slow opening
fast opening
fast closing
slow closing
3 masticatory phases
- preparatory
- reduction
- pre-swallowing
there is little EMG activity in …. during the preparatory phase
jaw closers
there is alternating EMG activities in openers and closers in which masticatory phases?
ALL
The preparatory phase is fairly…. while the reduction phase is…. and the preswallowing phase is…
variable
regular and rhythmic
regular
2 sensory nuclei involved in the control of mastication are
- trigeminal sensory nucleus
2. trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus
Cells of the trigeminal sensory nucleus innervate….. and project to…
face and oral cavity
cerebellar and cerebral cortex
the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus recieves info from….
- jaw closers
- mechanorecep. on PDLs, gingiva and palate
3 motor nuclei of masticatory control
- trigeminal motor nucleus
- hypoglossal motor nucleus
- facial motor nucleus
the brainstem can function… in control of mastication and probably contains a…
autonomously
“pattern generator”
The jaw closing reflex involves afferent fibers from…. which have cell bodies in the…. that synapse on alpha motor neurons in….
This reflex is…. which means it is fast and requires virtually no modulation from higher centers
- muscle spindles
- trigeminal mesencephalic sensory nucleus
- trigeminal motor nucleus
-monosynaptic
Which is polysynaptic and which is monosynaptic? jaw closing and jaw opening
jaw closing is mono
jaw opening is poly
The …. is a temporary sphincter that forms in the preparatory phase of swallowing and prevents a food bolus from entering the pharynx prematurely
glossopalatal sphincter
which muscles are involved in the preparatory and oral phases of swallowing ? mandibular and facial
mandibular- masseter, medial pterygoid, temporalis
facial- labial and buccinator
is the epiglottis absolutely required to prevent aspiration?
no
the muscles involved in the preparatory and oral phases of swallowing is a variable group and which ones are involved depend on food consistency. They are referred to as the …. group of muscles
facultative
the muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing are referred to as the…. group and it is much more consistent than the prep and oral phases
obligate
4 mechanisms that prevent aspiration
- resp is inhib
- larynx and upper esophageal sphincter elevate
- intrinsic muscles of glottis move vocal cords toward each other
- bolus moves through sinuses in pharynx
the brainstem swallowing center has 3 components
- sensory nuclei
- interneuronal network
- motor nuclei
programming of obligate muscles (pharyngeal phase of swallowing) begins ….. which is different from facultative muscles (prep and oral phases of swallowing) which have different patterns of activation before and after tooth eruption
in utero
before tooth eruptions… and…. muscles develop for tongue thrust
orbicularis oris and buccinator
… muscles do not have a prominent role in swallowinf before eruption
jaw loser
if infantile swallowinf is maintained after tooth eruption then … can result specifically an…
malocclusion
anterior open bite
can infants swallow without disrupting respiration?
NO
both … and … have a prominent role in infantile suckling
jaw opening and jaw closing
is respiration maintained during infantile suckling
yes
suckling as well as swallowing begins…
in utero
adult suckling is driven by … muscles and …. and… do not have a prominent role
inspiratory
jaw open/jaw closing muscles
stimul for emesis can be … or …
physiological or disease related
the first phase of vomiting is … which is characterized by tachycardia, licking, salivating and relaxation of proximal part of stomach
pre-ejection
what coordinates vomiting
group of nuclei in medulla
