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SU2017 Physio Exam 1 > Lecture 1- Neuronal signaling Travers > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Neuronal signaling Travers Flashcards

1
Q

interneurons are located in the …. and they function as integrators and switches

A

CNS

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2
Q

Afferent neurons have cell bodies in the … and transmit info to the…

A

PNS

CNS

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3
Q

Efferent neurons have cell bodies in the … but transmit info to the ….

A

CNS

effector cells

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4
Q

Neurons account for … % of cells in CNS and glial cells account for…%

A

10%

90%

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5
Q

Schwann cells are glial cells of the

A

PNS

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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes, microglia and astrocytes are glial cells of the

A

CNS

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7
Q

… provide myelination in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

… are macrophage like glial cells of the CNS that have an unreactive and a reactive state

A

microglia

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9
Q

…. are glial cells of the CNS that regulate extracellular fluid , provide metabolically for neurons and form the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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10
Q

schwann cells provide myelin to how many axons?

A

1

there can be many schwann cells per axon

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11
Q

oligodendrocytes provide myelin to how many axons?

A

many

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12
Q

what are 2 types of peripheral demyelination?

A
  1. guillain-barre syndrome (autoimmune disease)

2. nerve trauma

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13
Q

Microglia are kept unreactive by the neuron by …

A

glycoprotein (CD200)

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14
Q

Neuronal injury releases intracellular ATP inducing…

A

motility (chemotaxis)

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15
Q

what are the motor proteins involved in anterograde axonal transport?

A

kinesins

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16
Q

Anterograde transport in the axon can be fast which is at a rate of…. for organelles such as neurotransmitter vesicles or it can be slow which is at a rate of…. for structural proteins

A

400 mm/day

0.2-2.5 mm/day

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17
Q

the motor proteins for retrograde transport are called… and their transport speed is…

A
  • dyneins

- 400mm/day

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18
Q

Retrograde axonal transport is from the axon terminal to the cell body but this kind of transport can be negative because it can bring in….

A

unwanted entities such as viruses (herpes, polio, rabies)

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19
Q

Herpes simplex virus type 1 is easily transmitted via…. and up to …% of the adult population is infected but they are usually…

A

oral contact
75
asymptomatic

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20
Q

Herpes is transmitted…. where it remains latent in ….

During latency, virus is …. quiet

A

retrogradely
trigeminal ganglion

transcriptionally

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21
Q

In infants, herpes virus can go beyond ganglia and cause…

A

encephalitis

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22
Q

The herpes virus can be activated by fever, sun, cold, trauma, stress and then it is transmitted… to peripheral tissue, lips, and palate creating painful blisters

A

anterogradely

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23
Q

Do damaged CNS neurons regenerate?

A

no

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24
Q

Axons of damaged CNS neurons will produce…. but they do not reach their targets

A

sprouts

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25
What prevents sprouts in damaged CNS neurons to reach their targets?
scar formation
26
In the CNS, astrocytes make.... that inhibit neuron growth
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
27
do schwann cells promote axonal regeneration in the PNS?
yes
28
in response to severe nerve injury, first there will be a lesion and there will be either.... or.... degeneration which will then lead to cell death followed by.... and....
- anterograde (wallerian) - terminal - transganglionic degeneration - transynaptic degeneration
29
In a less severe nerve injury , the injured cell will undergo....
chromatolysis
30
Chromatolysis is associated with.... and you see physical changes in the injured cell such as...
- protein synthesis | - cell body swells and eccentric nucleus
31
In nerve injury, schwann cells proliferate and produce... for substrate for regenerating axons. Schwann cells also secrete... which is transported to ganglion cell body and acts for signal of protein synthesis
- Laminin | - Nerve growth factor
32
Nerve growth factor in nerve injury regulates... and promotes...
gene expression | sprouting
33
What is synaptotagmin
Calcium sensitive docking proteins for vesicle fusion and release
34
What are the 2 types of postsynaptic receptors?
1. ionotropic | 2. metabotropic
35
Ionotropic postsynaptic receptors are directly...
gated
36
Metobotropic postsynaptic receptors involve a .... and...
G protein and 2nd messenger
37
A postsynaptic potential is only.... mV so it is the combined effects to excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input that determines whether threshold is reached
0.5
38
... summation is adding together of PSPs from one synaptic contact (over time)
temporal
39
... summation is the adding together of PSPs produced by different synapses
spatial
40
acetylcholine is synthesized from ... and.... by.... in synaptic terminal
choline and acetyl coenzyme A by choline acetyltransferase
41
action of acetylcholine is stopped by diffusion and degradation by...
acetylcholinesterase
42
choline reuptake is by the... neuron
presynaptic
43
Neurons that release acetylcholine are ... neurons, neurons in ... and... and preganglionic... neurons and all postganlionic...
- motor - nucleus basalis and pons - symp and parasymp - parasympathetic neurons
44
acetylcholine binds to ... and ... receptors
muscarinic and nicotinic
45
muscarinic receptors are blocked by ...
atropine
46
muscarinic are found in ...
both CNS and PNS
47
when ach binds to a muscarinic receptor, it triggers.... that open or close ion channels
G protein | can be hyper or depolarizing
48
nicotine receptors are found in
both CNS and PNS
49
When ach binds to nicotine, it .... within receptor.
opens ion channel | *channel permeable to Na and K*
50
nicotinic receptors are blocked by
curare
51
2 locations of ach neurons in CNS
1. basal forebrain- cognitive function | 2. pontine nuclei- sleep regulation
52
2 acetylcholine diseases
1. myasthenia gravis | 2. alzheimers
53
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which individual makes antibodies to.... receptors
nicotinic
54
Myasthenia is characterized by.... and is treated with...
- muscle weakness | - acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
55
alzheimers is the most common form of... and its etiology is...
- dementia | - unknown
56
alzheimers is a loss of neurons in ... leading to decrease in cholinergix activity in cortex
nucleus basalis
57
biogenic amines are synthesized from...
amino acids
58
examples of catecholamines are... which are synthesized from the amino acid...
- dopa, epi, norepi | - tyrosine
59
catecholamine life cycle
1. synthesis- presynap term, stored in vesicle 2. release- Calcium dependent 3. termination of action- presynaptic reuptake or degradation
60
catecholamines are degraded by...
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
61
MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors ....
prolong catecholamine activity which is therapeutic for mood disorders
62
receptors for catecholamines are almost exclusively...
G protein coupled receptors
63
The ...area is associated with reward and addiction
ventral tegmental
64
Cocaine and amphetamine prolong.... action at synapse in the ventral tegmental area
dopamine
65
The.... is associated with the motor system: loss of dopamine associated with.... : L-dopa given therapeutically
substantia nigra | parkinsons disease
66
Two main groups of dopamine receptors 1. D1 which activates.... 2. D2 which inhibits.... (leading to hyperpolar)
adenylate cyclase
67
Many drugs block.... receptors (ex. antidepressants, antiemetics: these drugs can cause Tardive dyskinesia)
D2
68
NE neurons include
sympathetic postganglionic neurons (and some CNS)
69
Noradrenergic receptors are....
G protein coupled
70
Receptors of NE are....
alpha 1 and 2 | beta 1, 2, and 3
71
NE: | alpha 1 receptors response:
intracellular release Calcium (excitatory)
72
NE: | alpha 2 receptors response:
open K channels or block Calcium (inhibitory)
73
which is inhibitory? alpha 1 or 2
2
74
NE: | beta receptors 1,2,3 response:
open calcium channels
75
... receptors constrict veins
alpha 1 and 2
76
... receptors dilate veins
beta 2
77
location of brain assoc with norepi
locus ceruleus: attention/sleeo
78
location of brain assoc with serotonin
rostral raphe nuclei: sleep/mood/homeostasis | caudal raphe nuclei: sensori-motor function
79
serotonin is synthesized from...
tryptophan
80
for serotonin, there are... receptor subtypes and most at ...
16 | G protein coupled
81
.... are target of mood altering drugs
5-HT synapses
82
Histamine is derived from.... and found only in small populations of hypothalamic neurons... its receptors are..... and it is involved in...
histidine G protein coupled (H1-H4) sleep-wakefullness
83
Excitatory amino acids are....
glutamate and aspartate
84
GLutamate and aspartate bind several classes of ionotropic receptors such as... which have channels permeable to Na K and Ca
AMPA Kainate NMDA
85
GLutamate and aspartate also bind... receptors
metabotropic (g protein coupled)
86
The NMDA receptor is involved in functions that ...
last ( memory formation, chronic pain)
87
Excessive excitation of NMDA receptor can cause
cell death (epilepsy, trauma, stroke)
88
.... can be elicited by activated NMDA receptors
long term potentiation

SU2017 Physio Exam 1 (8 decks)

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