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SU2017 Physio Exam 1 > Lecture 1- Neuronal signaling Travers > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Neuronal signaling Travers Flashcards

1
Q

interneurons are located in the …. and they function as integrators and switches

A

CNS

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2
Q

Afferent neurons have cell bodies in the … and transmit info to the…

A

PNS

CNS

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3
Q

Efferent neurons have cell bodies in the … but transmit info to the ….

A

CNS

effector cells

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4
Q

Neurons account for … % of cells in CNS and glial cells account for…%

A

10%

90%

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5
Q

Schwann cells are glial cells of the

A

PNS

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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes, microglia and astrocytes are glial cells of the

A

CNS

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7
Q

… provide myelination in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

… are macrophage like glial cells of the CNS that have an unreactive and a reactive state

A

microglia

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9
Q

…. are glial cells of the CNS that regulate extracellular fluid , provide metabolically for neurons and form the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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10
Q

schwann cells provide myelin to how many axons?

A

1

there can be many schwann cells per axon

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11
Q

oligodendrocytes provide myelin to how many axons?

A

many

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12
Q

what are 2 types of peripheral demyelination?

A
  1. guillain-barre syndrome (autoimmune disease)

2. nerve trauma

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13
Q

Microglia are kept unreactive by the neuron by …

A

glycoprotein (CD200)

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14
Q

Neuronal injury releases intracellular ATP inducing…

A

motility (chemotaxis)

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15
Q

what are the motor proteins involved in anterograde axonal transport?

A

kinesins

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16
Q

Anterograde transport in the axon can be fast which is at a rate of…. for organelles such as neurotransmitter vesicles or it can be slow which is at a rate of…. for structural proteins

A

400 mm/day

0.2-2.5 mm/day

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17
Q

the motor proteins for retrograde transport are called… and their transport speed is…

A
  • dyneins

- 400mm/day

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18
Q

Retrograde axonal transport is from the axon terminal to the cell body but this kind of transport can be negative because it can bring in….

A

unwanted entities such as viruses (herpes, polio, rabies)

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19
Q

Herpes simplex virus type 1 is easily transmitted via…. and up to …% of the adult population is infected but they are usually…

A

oral contact
75
asymptomatic

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20
Q

Herpes is transmitted…. where it remains latent in ….

During latency, virus is …. quiet

A

retrogradely
trigeminal ganglion

transcriptionally

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21
Q

In infants, herpes virus can go beyond ganglia and cause…

A

encephalitis

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22
Q

The herpes virus can be activated by fever, sun, cold, trauma, stress and then it is transmitted… to peripheral tissue, lips, and palate creating painful blisters

A

anterogradely

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23
Q

Do damaged CNS neurons regenerate?

A

no

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24
Q

Axons of damaged CNS neurons will produce…. but they do not reach their targets

A

sprouts

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25
Q

What prevents sprouts in damaged CNS neurons to reach their targets?

A

scar formation

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26
Q

In the CNS, astrocytes make…. that inhibit neuron growth

A

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

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27
Q

do schwann cells promote axonal regeneration in the PNS?

A

yes

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28
Q

in response to severe nerve injury, first there will be a lesion and there will be either…. or…. degeneration which will then lead to cell death followed by…. and….

A
  • anterograde (wallerian)
  • terminal
  • transganglionic degeneration
  • transynaptic degeneration
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29
Q

In a less severe nerve injury , the injured cell will undergo….

A

chromatolysis

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30
Q

Chromatolysis is associated with…. and you see physical changes in the injured cell such as…

A
  • protein synthesis

- cell body swells and eccentric nucleus

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31
Q

In nerve injury, schwann cells proliferate and produce… for substrate for regenerating axons. Schwann cells also secrete… which is transported to ganglion cell body and acts for signal of protein synthesis

A
  • Laminin

- Nerve growth factor

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32
Q

Nerve growth factor in nerve injury regulates… and promotes…

A

gene expression

sprouting

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33
Q

What is synaptotagmin

A

Calcium sensitive docking proteins for vesicle fusion and release

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of postsynaptic receptors?

A
  1. ionotropic

2. metabotropic

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35
Q

Ionotropic postsynaptic receptors are directly…

A

gated

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36
Q

Metobotropic postsynaptic receptors involve a …. and…

A

G protein and 2nd messenger

37
Q

A postsynaptic potential is only…. mV so it is the combined effects to excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input that determines whether threshold is reached

A

0.5

38
Q

… summation is adding together of PSPs from one synaptic contact (over time)

A

temporal

39
Q

… summation is the adding together of PSPs produced by different synapses

A

spatial

40
Q

acetylcholine is synthesized from … and…. by…. in synaptic terminal

A

choline and acetyl coenzyme A by choline acetyltransferase

41
Q

action of acetylcholine is stopped by diffusion and degradation by…

A

acetylcholinesterase

42
Q

choline reuptake is by the… neuron

A

presynaptic

43
Q

Neurons that release acetylcholine are … neurons, neurons in … and… and preganglionic… neurons and all postganlionic…

A
  • motor
  • nucleus basalis and pons
  • symp and parasymp
  • parasympathetic neurons
44
Q

acetylcholine binds to … and … receptors

A

muscarinic and nicotinic

45
Q

muscarinic receptors are blocked by …

A

atropine

46
Q

muscarinic are found in …

A

both CNS and PNS

47
Q

when ach binds to a muscarinic receptor, it triggers…. that open or close ion channels

A

G protein

can be hyper or depolarizing

48
Q

nicotine receptors are found in

A

both CNS and PNS

49
Q

When ach binds to nicotine, it …. within receptor.

A

opens ion channel

channel permeable to Na and K

50
Q

nicotinic receptors are blocked by

A

curare

51
Q

2 locations of ach neurons in CNS

A
  1. basal forebrain- cognitive function

2. pontine nuclei- sleep regulation

52
Q

2 acetylcholine diseases

A
  1. myasthenia gravis

2. alzheimers

53
Q

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which individual makes antibodies to…. receptors

A

nicotinic

54
Q

Myasthenia is characterized by…. and is treated with…

A
  • muscle weakness

- acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

55
Q

alzheimers is the most common form of… and its etiology is…

A
  • dementia

- unknown

56
Q

alzheimers is a loss of neurons in … leading to decrease in cholinergix activity in cortex

A

nucleus basalis

57
Q

biogenic amines are synthesized from…

A

amino acids

58
Q

examples of catecholamines are… which are synthesized from the amino acid…

A
  • dopa, epi, norepi

- tyrosine

59
Q

catecholamine life cycle

A
  1. synthesis- presynap term, stored in vesicle
  2. release- Calcium dependent
  3. termination of action- presynaptic reuptake or degradation
60
Q

catecholamines are degraded by…

A

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

61
Q

MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors ….

A

prolong catecholamine activity which is therapeutic for mood disorders

62
Q

receptors for catecholamines are almost exclusively…

A

G protein coupled receptors

63
Q

The …area is associated with reward and addiction

A

ventral tegmental

64
Q

Cocaine and amphetamine prolong…. action at synapse in the ventral tegmental area

A

dopamine

65
Q

The…. is associated with the motor system: loss of dopamine associated with…. : L-dopa given therapeutically

A

substantia nigra

parkinsons disease

66
Q

Two main groups of dopamine receptors

  1. D1 which activates….
  2. D2 which inhibits…. (leading to hyperpolar)
A

adenylate cyclase

67
Q

Many drugs block…. receptors (ex. antidepressants, antiemetics: these drugs can cause Tardive dyskinesia)

A

D2

68
Q

NE neurons include

A

sympathetic postganglionic neurons (and some CNS)

69
Q

Noradrenergic receptors are….

A

G protein coupled

70
Q

Receptors of NE are….

A

alpha 1 and 2

beta 1, 2, and 3

71
Q

NE:

alpha 1 receptors response:

A

intracellular release Calcium (excitatory)

72
Q

NE:

alpha 2 receptors response:

A

open K channels or block Calcium (inhibitory)

73
Q

which is inhibitory? alpha 1 or 2

A

2

74
Q

NE:

beta receptors 1,2,3 response:

A

open calcium channels

75
Q

… receptors constrict veins

A

alpha 1 and 2

76
Q

… receptors dilate veins

A

beta 2

77
Q

location of brain assoc with norepi

A

locus ceruleus: attention/sleeo

78
Q

location of brain assoc with serotonin

A

rostral raphe nuclei: sleep/mood/homeostasis

caudal raphe nuclei: sensori-motor function

79
Q

serotonin is synthesized from…

A

tryptophan

80
Q

for serotonin, there are… receptor subtypes and most at …

A

16

G protein coupled

81
Q

…. are target of mood altering drugs

A

5-HT synapses

82
Q

Histamine is derived from…. and found only in small populations of hypothalamic neurons… its receptors are….. and it is involved in…

A

histidine
G protein coupled (H1-H4)
sleep-wakefullness

83
Q

Excitatory amino acids are….

A

glutamate and aspartate

84
Q

GLutamate and aspartate bind several classes of ionotropic receptors such as… which have channels permeable to Na K and Ca

A

AMPA
Kainate
NMDA

85
Q

GLutamate and aspartate also bind… receptors

A

metabotropic (g protein coupled)

86
Q

The NMDA receptor is involved in functions that …

A

last ( memory formation, chronic pain)

87
Q

Excessive excitation of NMDA receptor can cause

A

cell death (epilepsy, trauma, stroke)

88
Q

…. can be elicited by activated NMDA receptors

A

long term potentiation

SU2017 Physio Exam 1 (8 decks)

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