Lecture 3 - Introduction to Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

How are proteins described?

A

Workhorses of the cell. Giant molecules are described as nanostructures or tiny molecular machines.

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2
Q

What fundamental issues are faced by a cell to affect its survival?

A

How does it; sense and respond to its environment, make and break molecules, obtain the energy it needs, maintain and replicate itself.

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3
Q

What do proteins do to ‘live’?

A

Proteins carry out or catalyse almost all of the processes required and acquire needed energy to fuel these processes.

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4
Q

Proteins form physical makeup including:

A

Muscle, ligaments, tendons, hair and nails.

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5
Q

What do we know now about proteins?

A

The complete atomic structure even down to the position of all of their atoms.

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6
Q

What do proteins form?

A

Non-branching polymers that form macromolecules about 50-100 A in size.

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7
Q

What is a protein composed of?

A

A specific sequence of amino acids joined together by chemical bonds called peptide bonds.

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8
Q

What are some common chemicals?

A

Sodium Chloride - table salt, Sucrose - table sugar, Haemoglobin - found in RBCs.

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9
Q

Why study the structure of proteins?

A

Is the key to learning its function so we can understand the biochemistry of life.

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10
Q

How is atomic structure determination of proteins routinely done now?

A

Protein crystallography, Electron cryo-microscopy, NMR spectroscopy

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11
Q

What are the different ways of depicting chemical structure?

A

Skeletal, Ball and Stick, Space-filling

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12
Q

What hormone is responsible for cell signalling?

A

Insulin - Generated and bind to insulin receptor to signal cells to take up glucose

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13
Q

What enzyme helps with digestion?

A

Trypsin breaks down proteins during digestion

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14
Q

Enzymes that breakdown proteins are called:

A

Proteases

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15
Q

What is essential for HIV replication?

A

Protease made from HIV

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16
Q

What makes proteins?

A

Viruses and bacteria. They use the same amino acid building blocks.

17
Q

What enzyme in saliva/pancreatic juices helps with digestion?

A

Amylase 0 breaks down starch into sugars

18
Q

What enzyme helps with metabolism?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenate helps to metabolise ethanol

19
Q

What catalyses biochemical reactions?

A

Enzymes

20
Q

What enzyme that usually adds phosphate to molecules helps with metabolism?

A

Hexokinase, where afterwards glucose is taken up by the cell

21
Q

What helps metabolism through oxygen transport?

A

Haemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and carries it in the blood to tissues for use in the metabolism.

22
Q

What is an example of a membrane protein used in metabolism/energetics?

A

ATP synthase is a remarkable membrane protein that generates ATP for use in cellular function.

23
Q

What influences the immune protection in the body?

A

Antibodies bind to cellular invaders like bacteria and viruses to help protect the body from infection.

24
Q

How many SARS related protein structures were solved in 2020?

A

More than 1000 SARS from SARS-COV2

25
Q

How does DNA polymerase impact replication and maintenance?

A

DNA polymerase bind to one strand of DNA and adds the complementary strand to it.

26
Q

What are some terms of NTP binding?

A

N-term, Downstream DNA, Fingers, Thumb, Palm

27
Q

Cells are bags of proteins including:

A

Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondrion, Nucleus, DNA, ER, Lysosomes, Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus