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Cellular Basis of Immunity > Lecture 3 - Innate immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of cell receptors are classified as part of the adaptive system?

A

B cell receptors

T cell receptors

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2
Q

Which type of cell receptors are classified as part of the innate system?

A 
TLRs
NOD like receptors
RIG like receptors
C type lectin like receptors
Scavenger receptors
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3
Q

Which type of soluble receptors are classified as part of the adaptive system?

A

Antibodies

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4
Q

Which type of soluble receptors are classified as part of the innate system?

A

Compliment
Pentraxins
Collecting
Filocins

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5
Q

Where are pathogens capable of colonising in vertebrates? (6 locations)

A 
Cytoplasm
intracellular vesicles of cells
interstitial space
blood
lymph
epithelial surfaces
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6
Q

What are the 3 main points of entry for pathogens to breach in order to get into the body?

A

Mucosal epithelia of the:
gastrointestinal tract
respiratory tract
urogenital tract

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7
Q

How soon is the innate immune system activated after initial contact with pathogen?

A

Within hours

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8
Q

What do innate cells recognise on foreign pathogens to distinguish them from host cells?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

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9
Q

True or false, innate immunity has immune memory whereas adaptive immunity doesn’t?

A

False - Adaptive immunity has memory whereas innate immunity doesn’t

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10
Q

What common cell progenitor are the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems derived from?

A

Haemopoetic stem cell, these differentiate down one of various routes dependant upon what signal is received from the site of infection.

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11
Q

What type of cells does the myeloid lineage give rise to?

A

Phagocytic and inflammatory cells of innate immunity

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12
Q

What type of cells does the lymphoid lineage give rise to?

A

T and B cells of the adaptive immune system, and NK cells of the innate immune system (specialised cytotoxic T cells)

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13
Q

which cell types derive from granulocyte/ macrophage progenitor cells? (myeloid lineage)

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast Cell precursor
Monocytes

(Mast cells and macrophages then arise from mast cell precursors and monocytes respectively)

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14
Q

Where do cells of the lymphoid lineage reside until they become activated?

A

Lymph node

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15
Q

Which cytokine causes differentiation into NK cells?

A

IL-15

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16
Q

Which cytokine causes differentiation into B cells?

A

IL-7

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17
Q

Which cytokine causes differentiation into T cells?

A

IL-7

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18
Q

Which cytokine causes differentiation into Eosinophils?

A

IL-5

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19
Q

Which cytokine causes differentiation into Basophils?

A

IL-5

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20
Q

Which cytokine causes differentiation into mast cells?

A

SCF (stem cell factor)

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21
Q

Which cytokine causes differentiation from a a haemopoetic stem cell to add the lymphoid lineage?

A

IL-7

22
Q

Which cytokine causes differentiation from a a haemopoetic stem cell to add the myeloid lineage?

A

IL-3

23
Q

Out of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils, which are sentinel and which are circulating cells?

A

Mast cells are sentinel and eosinophils and basophils are circulating

24
Q

True or false, cells of the myeloid lineage function to protect against pathogens that are too large to be internalised?

A

True - basophils, mast cells and eosinophils

25
Q

When myeloid cells degranulate, what sort of things do they release?

A

Histamines and proteases, in order to make the environment hostile for pathogens that are too large to be internalised

26
Q

Which type of granulocytes release histamines in order to mediate an allergic inflammatory response?

A

Basophils

27
Q

What did Ilya Mechnikov discover in 1898?

A

The phenomenon of phagocytosis.
He observed mobile cells in the larvae of starfish which he thought might serve as part of their defences.
When he introduced them to a small thorn from a tangerine tree he found the next morning these migratory cells had moved to surround the wound.

28
Q

What cells are known as the ‘phagocytic cells of the immune system’?

A

neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells.
These cells internalise microorganisms for presentation to t lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system.
DCs are also APCs.

29
Q

Which phagocytic cells are known as ‘the front line effector cells of innate immunity’?

A

Neutrophils (granulocytes)

30
Q

Which phagocytic cells are ‘long lived cells that provide immune surveillance’ and are derived from monocytes that circulate in the blood, differentiating as they leave the bloodstream?

A

Macrophages. Like neutrophils, the ingest and destroy microorganisms

31
Q

Which phagocytic cells are ‘involved in the induction of adaptive immunity’ due to their role as antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells.
As immature cells they operate as phagocytes but rather than destroying the microorganisms they ingest, their function is to display the ingested particles on their surface for recognition by T lymphocytes.

32
Q

What do scavenger receptors recognise?

A

Particles released by dead or damaged tissues

33
Q

What receptors do the surface of macrophages contain?

A

Scavenger receptors
Complement receptors
Receptors for conserved components of pathogens.
A similar array of receptors are expressed on DC surfaces.

34
Q

Which TLR responds to peptidoglycan?

A

TLR2

35
Q

Which TLR responds to LPS?

A

TLR4

36
Q

What are the steps of indirect recognition and activation by the innate immune system?

A
  1. A lymphocyte of the adaptive immune system produces ABs whose variable regions
    recognise a surface component of the bacterium.
  2. A non-variable region of the antibody is then recognised by a receptor of the phagocyte, which in turn is activated to engulf it.

In this way,
bacteria that have masked the conserved
components can be recognised and destroyed by the innate immune system.

37
Q

What are the steps of direct recognition and activation by the innate immune system?

A

A phagocyte of the innate immune
system recognises a conserved surface
component of a bacterium and ingests
and destroys it

38
Q

Define opsonin

A

A general term for soluble components of the immune system e.g. IgG1, that coat microorganisms and stimulate uptake by phagocytosis

39
Q

What are the two roles of phagocytes of the innate immune system play in an immune response?

A
  1. On activation by microbial surfaces they release cytokines and
    chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) that amplify the response to infection
  2. They activate the adaptive immune response
40
Q

What are chemokine and cytokines?

A

Cytokines and chemokines are signalling molecules. They increase the
permeability of blood vessels and recruit additional cells and molecules
of the immune system to sites of infection - the inflammatory response.

41
Q

Activated macrophages secrete a range of cytokines, one of which is IL-1B. What is the role of this cytokine?

A

Activates vascular endothelium.
Activates lymphocytes
Local tissue destruction
Increases access of effector cells

42
Q

Activated macrophages secrete a range of cytokines, one of which is TNFa. What is the role of this cytokine?

A

Activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability, which leads to increased entry of IgG, complement and cells to tissues, and increase drainage to lymph nodes

43
Q

Activated macrophages secrete a range of cytokines, one of which is IL-6. What is the role of this cytokine?

A

Lymphocyte activation

Increased AB production

44
Q

Activated macrophages secrete a range of cytokines, one of which is IL-8 (CXCL8). What is the role of this cytokine?

A

Chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils, basophils and t cells to site of infection.

45
Q

Activated macrophages secrete a range of cytokines, one of which is IL-12. What is the role of this cytokine?

A

Activates NK cells

Induces the differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells

46
Q

Describe the process of neutrophil rolling

A
  1. the endothelial cell membrane express selection molecules, which the neutrophil can weakly adhere to.
  2. Due to the weak bonding, blood flow causes the cell to roll along the surface, as weak bonds form and break between the endothelium and neutrophil.

Leukocytes only adhere to the surface of veins and can’t crawl out of arteries

47
Q

How are neutrophils recruited to inflammatory sites?

A

Fluid matrices contain antibacterial peptides and toxic proteins that are constitutively secreted and further induced in response to cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide

Cathelicidins are produced by activated neutrophils and epithelial cells - in addition to antimicrobial activity, they trigger signaling through the formyl peptide receptor, thereby aiding recruitment of neutrophils to inflammatory sites

48
Q

What are beta defensins and where are they found?

A

A type of defensin (microbicidal peptides active against many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses) found in the lung and skin

49
Q

What are alpha defensins and where are they found?

A

A type of defensin (microbicidal peptides active against many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses) found in the panted cells of the intestinal tract

50
Q

What are lysozyme and where are they found?

A

Lysozyme are an antimicrobial enzyme found in the fluids bathing the cornea.

51
Q

What are cathelicidans?

A

Group of antimicrobial defensins produced by activated neutrophils and epithelial cells

52
Q

What are fMLPs?

A

Powerful chemoattractants and activators of neutrophils.

Cellular Basis of Immunity (13 decks)

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