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MLS 116: Funamentals of Medical Laboratory Science > Lecture 3: Hematology I > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Hematology I Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is hematology?

A

The study of the formed elements of the blood and blood forming tissues

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2
Q

Where do blood cells come from?

A

An adults, it comes from the bone marrow. In neonates it comes from the liver and spleen.

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3
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Cell and self fragments suspended in the plasma

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4
Q

White blood cells

A

Also known as leukocytes that fight infection

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5
Q

Red blood cells

A

Also known as erythrocytes, the transport oxygen

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6
Q

Platelets

A

Also known as thrombocytes assist with clotting blood

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7
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid portion of the blood. Carries proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, and clotting factors throughout the body.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of plasma?

A

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. It contains clotting factors. It is found in vivo or in vitro.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of serum?

A

It is the liquid portion of blood after clotting. Does not contain clotting factors. Is found in vitro.

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10
Q

What does in vivo mean?

A

Outside of the body

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11
Q

What does in vitro mean?

A

Inside of the body

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12
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

Substances added to blood or tubes at the time of collection to prevent clotting

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13
Q

What are the two most commonly used anticoagulants and hematology?

A

Sodium citrate and EDTA

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14
Q

What does EDTA stand for?

A

Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid

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15
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

Packed volume of erythrocytes

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16
Q

What are the normal hematic ranges of an adult male?

A

41% to 50%

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17
Q

What are the normal hematic ranges for adult females?

A

36% of 44%

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18
Q

What are the normal hematocrit levels for infants?

A

32% to 42%

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19
Q

What are normal automatic ranges for newborns?

A

45% to 61%

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20
Q

What could be resulting illnesses from a decreased hematocrit?

A

Anemia, blood loss due to injury, or illness, leukemia, and hemolytic anemia

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21
Q

What could be resulting illnesses of increased hematocrit?

A

Polycythemia vera, dehydration, scarring, or thickening of your lungs, obstructive, sleep apnea, and smoking

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22
Q

What are the five types of WBCs?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophil, monocytes and lymphocytes

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23
Q

How do you identify leukocyte morphology?

A

You must first look at the nuclear chromatin pattern. Then you look at the nuclear shape. Next you look at the cytoplasmic inclusions. Finally, you look at the nuclear and cytoplasmic nucleus to cytoplasm ratio.

24
Q

Characteristics of leukocytes

A

Leukocytes are larger and more complex and appearance than the RBCs. They consist of a nucleus surrounded by a cytoplasm. Usually the nucleus is centrally located, and is a prominent purple staining body. It can be round or oval or lobulated. The cytoplasm, which gives the cell shape, stains of variety of colors, depending on its contents.

25
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

They aid in the ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other foreign particles

26
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

They aid in the production of antibodies, defense against intracellular organisms and other immune functions

27
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

They remove injured and dead cells, cell fragments, microorganisms, and insoluble particles from the blood and body tissues

28
Q

What do eosinophil do?

A

They are active in parasitic infections and an allergic reactions

29
Q

What do basophils?

A

They aid in inflammatory response and all allergic reactions

30
Q

What is the nuclear chromatin pattern for neutrophils?

A

Very clumped

31
Q

What is the nuclear shape of neutrophils?

A

The nucleus is usually lobular. It forms a series of lobes connected by narrow strands or filaments of chromatin. There are often 2 to 5 lobes.

32
Q

What is the cytoplasm inclusions of a neutrophil?

A

The cytoplasm is often colorless or faintly pink. It contains a large number of very small, often indiscrete, lilac specific neutrophilic granules distributed irregularly throughout it

33
Q

What is the nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio of a neutrophil?

A

One to three

34
Q

What is the nuclear chromatin pattern of a small lymphocyte?

A

Course, dense, deeply staining blocks

35
Q

What is the nuclear shape of a small lymphocyte?

A

The nucleus is around or slightly notched

36
Q

What is the cytoplasm and inclusions of a small lymphocyte?

A

There is a narrow band of cytoplasm that stains blue. Few if any azure granules are present.

37
Q

What is the nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio of a lymphocyte?

A

Four to one

38
Q

What is the nuclear chromatin pattern of a large lymphocyte?

A

It’s stains more lightly than the nuclei of the smaller forms. The chromatin is still present in clumps, without distinct outlines.

39
Q

What is the nuclear shape of a large lymphocyte?

A

The large lymphocyte shows a further increase in the size of the nucleus and an increase in the relative amount of cytoplasm

40
Q

What is the cytoplasm and inclusions of a large lymphocyte?

A

Azure granules are frequently seen. The cytoplasm color varies from colorless to a clear light or medium blue.

41
Q

What is the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of a large lymphocyte?

A

Two to one

42
Q

What is the nuclear chromatin pattern of a monocyte?

A

The nuclear chromatin stains, light purple, and is delicate or lazy

43
Q

What is the nuclear shape of a monocyte?

A

The nucleus is fairly large; it may be round, oval, indented, lobular, notched, or rarely even segmented, the most frequently it is indented or horseshoe shaped

44
Q

What is the cytoplasm and inclusions of a monocyte?

A

The cytoplasm is abundant, and stains, gray or gray blue. It may contain numerous small, poorly defined azurophilic granules, resulting in a groundglass appearance. The granules vary in color from light pink to bright purpleish red. It is often vacuolated.

45
Q

What is the nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio of a monocyte?

A

Two to one

46
Q

What is the nuclear chromatin pattern of an eosinophil?

A

Very clumped. It stains lighter than a neutrophil.

47
Q

What is the nuclear shape of an eosinophil?

A

The nucleus is usually lobular. It forms a series of lobes connected by narrow strands or filaments of chromatin. It is plumper than a neutrophil. It has 2 to 3 lobes.

48
Q

What is the cytoplasm and inclusions of an eosinophil?

A

The cytoplasm is usually colorless. It is crowded with spherical acidophilic granules, which stain red orange with eosin.

49
Q

What is the nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio of an eosinophil?

A

One to three

50
Q

What is the nuclear chromatin pattern of a basophil?

A

The nuclear pattern is indistinct and shows a little structure

51
Q

What is the nuclear shape of a basophil?

A

The nucleus is often extremely irregular in shape, varying from a lobular form to a form showing indentations that are not deep enough to divide it into definite lobes

52
Q

What is the cytoplasm and inclusions of a basophil?

A

The cytoplasm is usually colorless. It contains a variable number of deeply stained, course, round granules

53
Q

What is the nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio of a basophil?

A

One to three

54
Q

What are the requirements for a high-quality blood smear?

A

Whole blood in ETA: smear should be made within two hours of collection to preserve cell morphology. Clean slides: slides must be free from grease, oils, dust, etc. handle slides by the edges. Capillary tubes/sterile sticks/pipe: to transfer drop of blood to the slide.

55
Q

What are the features of a properly prepared smear?

A

The blood covers 1/2 to 3/4 of the slide. Gradual transition from thick to thin area. Smooth appearance, no holes or ridges. Feathered edge at thin end.

MLS 116: Funamentals of Medical Laboratory Science (4 decks)

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