Lecture 3 - Healthcare data, Information, and knowledge

Question 1

Data

Answer 1

Symbols or observation or observation ps reflecting differences in the world

Question 2

Information

Answer 2

Data with meaning

ICD- 9 code means type 2 diabetes

Question 3

Knowledge

Answer 3

Info justifiably true

Obese more likely to develop type 2 diabetes

Question 4

Wisdom

Answer 4

Why, alternative reasoning

Question 5

International classification of diseases ICD

Answer 5

International standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, using standardised codes. Therefore, the code of the medical case in Kuwait will be the same as the US of the world

Question 6

Data

Answer 6

Computers do not understand
Only input store process and output
Zero is off One is on these are binary units
0/1 a bit
8 bits are a byte

Question 7

Data type

Answer 7

Integers
Floating (decimal)
Characters y/n
Character strings

Question 8

File formats

Answer 8

Data can be aggregates to formats
Common standard is of important need to charge data and info
Standard format is important for communication between computer systems
Computer programmes do not understand data on the DISC or any storage device,
Important it accepts file format

Question 9

Types of files

Answer 9

Image jpg gif png
Text txt doc
Sound wav mps
Video mpg

Question 10

IT vs health informatics vs computer

Answer 10

It: more concerned about data, no matter what they mean, algorithm and number

Health informatics: concerned with the meaning of data, information, knowledge, and tools that retrieve and manipulate info such as in PAVS.
Manipulate info
Information retrieval: find relationship between aspirin and heart attacks
Challenge is identifying documents that contain certain meaning

Comp sci: database searching and data info retrieval
Informatics: vocabulary ontologies, information, info retrieval

Question 11

Data to information

Answer 11

No computer, only human interpretation is necessary
Vocabularies help convert data to info

Make data meaningful

Question 12

Interoperability

Answer 12

Transmition of information that require consistence of interpretation for the purpose that all information systems are using the same standard and can accept and show the same interpretation

Question 13

Information to knowledge

Answer 13

Information makes knowledge
Experience is knowledge
Carrying out research to investigate correlation
Knowledge can only be formed thru information, not data directly

Make sense of clinical data

Question 14

Clinical data are collected via EHR

These records are composed of

Answer 14

Structured data:
exact numbers, data e.g aspirin 400 mg
Easy to manage and retrieve

Unstructured data:
Free text 
Clinical notes
Natural language- difficult to process 
Natural language processing

Question 15

Van der lei 20 years ago

Answer 15

Data shall only be used for the purpose collected
If no purpose was defined prior to the collection of data, data won’t be used

You have to know what data you want to collect, why and how to collect them

Question 16

Healthcare DIK: object oriented models

Object

Answer 16

Unique real world phenomena we want to model

Question 17

Healthcare DIK: object oriented models

Field/ State/ Attribute

Answer 17

A piece of data that describes the object

Question 18

Healthcare DIK: object oriented models

Method/ behaviour

Answer 18

What the object does or what we do to it to change states

Question 19

Class

Answer 19

A common form/ template to describe unique objects

Question 20

Inheritance

Answer 20

Baby of classes
Parent may be age
Child may be paedriatrics/geriatric

Question 21

Clinical data warehouse

Answer 21

Shared database that 
Collects
Integrates 
Stores 
Clinical data from a variety of sources including EHR radiology 

Main source of all EHR
MASTER DATABASE

Supports queries for groups

Question 22

Staging

Answer 22

Extract, transform, and load into a common database

Question 23

EHR

Answer 23

Designed for real-time updating and retrieval of individual data

Question 24

Facts

Answer 24

Pieces of information queried by users
Diagnosis
Demographic
Lab tests

Question 25

Dimension

Answer 25

Describe facts

Us tiki see using summary statistics
Count, mean, median

Question 26

CDW as a clinical resource

Answer 26

Monitor
Identify 
Help 
Conduct
Build

Can recognise records for patients with illness
Info to knowledge
Tools eg simple descriptive analysis

Question 27

Monitor

Answer 27

Quality of a query measuring specific population

Question 28

Identify

Answer 28

Trends of clinical and transitional research to link r3search with clinical practice

Question 29

Help

Answer 29

Specialist to track pathogens

Faster reporting in electronic CDW

Question 30

Conduct

Answer 30

Surveillance for natural or man made illness to public health agencies

Question 31

Build

Answer 31

Platform of informatics
One made by Harvard medical school
Warehouse of clinical data from multiple resources, so queries can be made from one platform to retrieve data from multiple institutions eg integrating biology and the bedside i2b2

Question 32

Why is informatics difficult?

Answer 32

Banking is easy as gap in data and information is narrow
Healthcare concepts are poorly defined as systems are connected
Data is poorly managed

Question 33

Semantic gap

Answer 33

The difference between data and information as Med is only using data

Question 34

Obstacles of informatics in healthcare

Answer 34

Incomplete info- missing data but may be obtainable
Uncertain info- not sure true or false
Imprecise info- info not as specific
Vague info- unclear info
Inconsistent info- can’t hold both beliefs at the same time

We need to design in an accurate and purposeful way

Question 35

Future trends

Answer 35

Data processing to info processing
Introduce cognition and abilities (mental processing)
Creating systems that store specific information specific eg only cancer patients from population
Expert system