Lecture 2- Overview of Health Informatics Flashcards
Which fields are rapidly increasing?
Healthcare data
Medical specialities and subspecialities
Different techniques for examination and testing
Medical information and knowledge
Medical specialities and subspecialities
Use to only be cardiothoracic surgery
Now we have specialty in heart valve
Many different techniques for examination and testing
Knee reflex test for nervous system
Blood screening for HIV
Medical information and knowledge
More and more phenomena found - steep increase
Why must healthcare data be managed properly?
So we have Less errors More effective More efficient Healthcare system
Medical errors
Annually many people die due to medical errors
Cost health care system a lot of money
Better and improved system will save millions of dollars
Information hierarchy (pyramid)
How Wisdom Knowledge Information Data Are ranked by status
Data
Unorganised and unprocessed facts that don’t change over time
Mean nothing and have many meanings
80/120 are test results of BP?
Information
Aggregation of Data that makes decision making easy
Has meaning and represents something
80/120 is blood pressure
Answers Who What When Where.
Health informatics doesn’t have enough information
Knowledge
Includes facts about things that exist in the real world and the relationship between them
If the levels of antigen C increases, the patient may have prostate cancer
Knowledge means to understand something and is gained through experience
Answers How
Wisdom
Resembles principles, Insight and moral combination of knowledge
If levels of antigen C rises, it doesn’t have to mean that the patient has prostate cancer, may be due to an infection too
Wisdom allows us to differentiate
Answers Why
Gained through years of experience
Healthcare informatics
Science of combining healthcare data into information to derive knowledge and create wisdom
Healthcare informatics
Study of how healthcare data, information, knowledge are collected, processed, communicated, and used to the support of healthcare delivery of clients, providers, administers, and organisations in health dilevery
Health informatics is an interdisciplinary science
Information science
Computer science
Healthcare data
Informatics
Study of how technology transforms people and how people transform tech
Health informatics handles
1- Various resources
Devices
Methods to maximise the efficiency of data capturing, retrieval and use of information in health
2- Mixture of people, organisations, problems, illness, patient care and treatment
3- Tools which not only include computers but also
Clinical guidelines
Formal medical terminology
Information and communication systems
HI applied in
Pharmacy Public health Nursing Dentistry Medicine Medical imagine Veterinary Bioinformatics- concerned with biological data, particularly DNA and genomic information
One main application of HI
Electronic health record EHR a collection of patient data E stored health information in digital format Includes Patient demography data Medical history Medication and allergies Immunisation status Lab test results Radiology images Vital signs Personal stats (age, weight)
PMMILRVP
Informatics vs Information technology
Informatics; harness the power of information technology to expedite the transfer and analysis of data, leading to improved efficiencies and knowledge
Emphasis on process of info, manipulation and use of information
Information technology; application of computers in healthcare settings
Information brokerage
The sharing of a variety of information back and forth between people and healthcare entities
Key elements of informatics
Acquisition Storage Communication Manipulation Display
Acquisition
by capturing data and taking care to strive for quality, the system must capture data and save it quickly.
Storage
Data must be saved and retrieved easily. EHR is used.
Communication
Data need to be moved from one point of collection to storage, for analysis, and finally to the point of use (able to move data from one location to another)
Manipulation
Data needs to be edited and manipulated and combined to other data
Eg one surgeon may diagnose the patient with asthma, the pharmacist of the patient may update the patient’s info with different medicines
Display
Data shown in an easy and understandable way so can be used usefully
Information -> technology -> healthcare functions
1- Collection of data
External; data from one hospital is transferred to your hospital
Internal; data from inside your hospital
This data is processed into devices and technologies through networks, internet, hospital information systems. Lab info is saved in a hospital database.
2- Database is based in each department
Networks; internet, HIS, LIS, RIS
3- The health care organisation will get the benefits or functions which are
Good patient care
Completed medical records
Full databases
Ancillary services: pharmacy, labs, in addition to the research
What are the effects of health informatics?
Improve; communication and continuity of care Quality of care Clinician productivity Return in investment
Reduce;
Medical errors and litigation
Duplication of tests
Standardise;
Medical care by individuals and organisations
Accelerate;
Care and administrative transactions
Protect;
Privacy and ensure security
Main player: Patient
1- Online searches for health info
Best choice of physician and hospital
2- Smartphone technology for text message reminder, internet access health and fitness application
3- Web portals for storing medical information, making appointment, checking lab results and drug refill
4- Use of Web 2.0 and online chatting which allows the patient to contact his/her doctor easily
Main player: Clinicians and nurses
1- Online searcher with PubMed, google and other trusted search engines
2- Online resourced and digital libraries
3- EHR, decision support system (DSS) and PACS (picture archiving and communications system)
4-Smartphone with medical terminology and remote access to EHR
Who are the main key players of HI?
Patient Clinicians Nurses Hospitals Support staff
Main player: Hospitals
EHR E prescribing PACS E library E coding and billing Wireless technology
Main player: Support staffing
Patient
Enrolment
E appointment
E scheduling
Key organisation: IOM Institute of medicine
HIT implanted to achieve Safe Effective Patient centred Timely Efficient Equitable medical care
Key organisation: Association of American medical college (AAMC)
Advocates for incorporating informatics into medical school curricula
1- optimise health and healthcare through best practice information management
2- enable continuous and life-long performance-based learning
3- create tools and resources to support discovery, innovation, dissemination, Build and operate a robust information environment that simultaneously enables
Healthcare
Foresters learning
Advances sciences
Other organisations: Federal government
Department of health and human services DHSS
Agency for Healthcare Research and quality AHRQ
Centres for Medicare and Medicaid services CMS
Centres for disease control and prevention CDC
Health resources and services administration HRSA
Other organisations: Public and private
Bridges to excellence eHealth initiative Leapfrog Marble connecting for health National eHealth collaborative NeHC Healthcare information technology standards panel HITSP
Government initiatives: Health information technology for economic and clinical health (HITECH) act
1- achieve adoption and information exchange through meaningful use of health IT
2- improve care and population health and reduce healthcare costs through use of health it
3- inspire confidence and trust in health IT
4- empower individuals with health IT to improve their health and the healthcare system
5- achieve rapid learning and technological advancement
Barriers to HI
Inadequate time (busy docs) Inadequate info (less data to info) Inadequate expertise and workforce Funding Change in workflow Lack of professional personal Privacy (HIPAA 1996 health insurance portability and accountability act) Legal Behavioural change Too much hype Lack of interoperability
Key challenges to Kuwait’s healthcare system
Disconnected of health information systems
1- No focal point for patient information, fragmented info, different medical cases
2- No communication between hospital clinics and poly clinics
Low quality of info causing inconsistencies and errors
Patient aren’t part of the flow- no control or participation
The following will be affected without a good HI system
Patient management
X-ray, lab systems, MR system
Accounting
Planning and strategies
Health records
Understand diseases and treatment
Develop and test treatments
Ensure right patient receive right intervention
Service delivery and performance assessment
Health records
Main source of all patient medical info
May utilise of tremendous volume of data
Information available in these medical records
The only and best way to improve the clinical practice, quality of patient care, and management of cases is through scientific investigation
Decisions determine data
- understanding diseases and treatment
Standards based formalisation of clinical data and research results - develop and test treatments
Patient- specific decision making to optimise and personalise treatment - ensure right patients receive right intervention
Manage safe workflow, professional communication and security - service delivery, performance assessment
Clinical engagement, post marketing surveillance, data mining
