Lecture 3: Fundus Biomicroscopy and Fundus Findings part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

“Distinct Margins” is referring to the:

A) disc
B) cup
C) macula
D) Ora Serrata

A

A) disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A malinserted disc is tilted along its ____ axis. and is often associated with a _____ ____

A

vertical, scleral cresent (disc appears to be tilted upward nasally, and nasal rim can be “heaped up” with temp depressed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

With a tilted disc, the _____ axis itself is tlted. The disc appears to be tilted _____ ____

A

vertical, downward nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the Elschnig classification of ONH for each of the 4 types.

A

1) Type 1=flat cross sectional
2) Type 2=cylinder cross sectional
3) Type3=a sloping cross sectional
4) Type 4=a sloping with hook cross sectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the “ISNT” rule

A

This is for a healthy optic nerve. inferior with be thickest and temporal will be thinnest. Inferior>Superior>Nasal>Temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In glaucoma, the vertical C/D _____ faster than horizontal and _____ follow the “ISNT” rule

A

increases, doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Average C/D for caucasians is ____
Average C/D for asain/latino is ____
Average C/D for African-Americans is ____

A
caucausians=0.4 (0.3+/-0.2)
Asain/latino=0.5
African-Americans=0.6 (0.5+/-0.15)
(suspicious when C/D is 0.1 larger than normal expectation)
*30% of normals have 0.1 difference
*4% of normals have 0.2 difference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which 3 cup to disc scenarios are abnormal and suspicious of glaucoma? (pick 3)

A) average to small
B) average to average
C) large to small
D) large to average

A

A) average to small
C) large to small
D) large to average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(T or F) A large cup to disc ratio can be a sign of glaucoma, however 2% of normals have a C/D ratio of 0.7 or more

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(T or F) The nerve fiber layer should look dark

A

False, dark wedge shaped NFL is a loss of NFL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Normal arterial light reflex (ALR) is ____ or ____

A

1/3 or 1/4 (ratio of reflected light width to width of the artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Normal artery vein (A/V) ratio is ____ or ____

A

2/3 or 3/4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Choose the correct statement:

A) veins are 25% smaller than arteries
B) arteries are 25% smaller than veins
C) A healthy person’s arteries will be the same size as their veins
D) A healthy A/V ratio is 1:10

A

B) arteries are 25% smaller than veins

also, artieries are lighter and veins are darker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

There are ___ pairs of vessels in each quadrant of the posterior pole

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The ____ vessels arc around the macular area

A

temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Veins too wide, think _____. Arteries too narrow, think_____

A

diabetes, HTN

17
Q

The A/V estimation should be made after the ____ bifurcation and before the ____ bifurcation

18
Q

As the walls of the artery thickens, ____ light is allowed to pass thru the artery and ____ is reflected back.

A) more, more
B) less, less
C) more, less
D) less, more

A

D) less, more

19
Q

ALR _____ with arteriosclerosis and HTN

20
Q

“nicking” or “pinching” of the vein is abnormal and could be a sign of _____

A

high cholesterol (arteriolar sclerosis)

21
Q

Tortuous vessels look crooked/winding/wiggly. This could be either congenital or pathological. However:

A) if both arteries and veins are wiggly, then its most likely congenital
B) if arteries are more wiggly than veins its most likely congenital
C) if veins are more wiggly than arteries, its most likely congenital

A

A) if both arteries and veins are wiggly, then its most likely congenital

22
Q

(T or F) An albino has no RPE layer

A

true (albino’s have no macualr pigment)

23
Q

Tigrid is a blotchy striped pattern found in the posterior retina and is most common in:

A) African-Americans
B) Caucasians
C) Asians
D) Columbians

24
Q

When viewing the macular area, you are looking for what 5 things?

A

1) even pigmentation 2) +FLR 3) “red stuff”=hemorrhages 4) “white stuff”=drusen 5) “dark stuff”=pigmented lesions

25
Q

Which is constitutes as “reduced acuity”?

A) 20/25
B) 20/40
C) 20/80
D) 20/200

A

A) 20/25 (really, its all of them) anything worse than 20/20 is considered “reduced acuity”

26
Q

The FLR is the Foveal Light Reflex that shines back at you when you shine your light onto the fovea. Where is the FLR actually focused?

A

In the vitreous (as a result of the shape of the retina and the depression in the fovea). The fovea acts like a concave mirror which gathers light from the ophthamloscope and focuses it slightly in front of the retina as a point of light.