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PSYC 2020 > Lecture 3 - Functional Neuroanatomy 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Functional Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

myelination cells of the Peripheral Nervous System, can guide axon regeneration

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2
Q

Name 3 glial cells in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia

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3
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A

glial cells with extensions rich in myelin create myelin sheaths in the CNS

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4
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

Large star shaped glial cells that provide structural integrity and create the “blood-brain” barrier. Recently been found to regulate breathing.

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5
Q

What are Microglia?

A

glial cells that respond to injury and disease (anti-inflamatory response), rapidly activate to stop pathogens and eliminates excess neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Multiple Sclerosis is…

A

Acute, inflammatory autoimmune disease. Breakdown of myelination and exposure of axons

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7
Q

Damage to the glial cells can show as…

A

Visual - blurred and double vision, nystagmus, ‘flashes’
Motor - weakness of muscles, slurred speech, muscle wastage, poor posture, tics
Sensory - numbness, tingling, pain
Coordination and balance
Cognitive - short- and long-term memory, forgetfulness, slowed recall

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8
Q

What are gliomas?

A

a malignant tumour of the Glial tissue of the nervous system

gliomas, astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas

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9
Q

3 traits of a sensory neuron.

A

Afferent
Tends to be unipolar.
Attaches to the dorsal of the spine.

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10
Q

3 traits of a motor neuron.

A

Efferent
Tends to be multipolar
Attaches to the ventral of the spine.

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11
Q

What is a interneurone?

A

relay neuron in the centre of the spinal cord. passes information from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.

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12
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

collect information from a connecting neuron

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13
Q

What, in a neuron, generate proteins?

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

In a neuron, what is responsible for energy release?

A

Mitochondria

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15
Q

Describe Golgi Complex

A

Package proteins (ie. neurotransmitters) into vesicles for transport

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16
Q

What is contained within synaptic vesicles?

A

Neurotransmitters (proteins)

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17
Q

What are microtubules?

A

pathway used to transport neurotransmitters down the axon

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18
Q

What does myellin do?

A

protect the axon and promote transmission down the axon

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19
Q

What collects the neurotransmitters, in the vesicles, while they await release?

A

Terminal Buttons

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20
Q

Alzheimer’s diagnosis is associated with…

A

poor new learning
changed personality
language deficits

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21
Q

What does the external surface of the brain look like in an individual with Alzheimer’s Dementia?

A

Neuronal death, widening sulci and narrowed gyri mostly over the frontal and parietal lobes.

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22
Q

What are amyloid plaques?

A

Cellular trash

clumps of beta-amyloids, which destroy connections between nerve cells

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23
Q

What are two possible causes of dementia?

A

amyloid plaques and tangles

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24
Q

What are the 3 phases of neuronal communiction?

A

Collection and integration of signal
transmission of the signal along the axon
transmission of signal from the axon terminals

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25
Q

When a cell is at resting potential it is said to be…..

A

polarised

-70mV

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26
Q

What are the three parts of a synapse?

A

Presynaptic terminal
Junction/gap
Postsynaptic terminal

27
Q

Axodendritic

A

axon terminal buttons on dendrites

28
Q

Axosomatic

A

axon terminal buttons on soma/cell body

29
Q

Dendritic spines

A

axon terminal buttons on spines of dendrites

30
Q

Dendrodendritic

A

dendrite to dendrite, and often bidirectional transmission

31
Q

Axoaxonic

A

can mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibition of that button on the post synaptic neurone

32
Q

What are the 2 most common types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic and Axosomatic

33
Q

What are the small molecules called responsible for neurotransmission?

A

Neurotransmitters

34
Q

What are the large molecules called responsible for neurotransmission?

A

Neuropeptides

35
Q

4 examples of Neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, GABA, Acetylcholine, norepinephrine

36
Q

2 examples of Neuropeptides

A

Substance P, Endorphins

37
Q

What are the 3 classes of neurotransmitters?

A

Amino acids
Monamines
Acetylcholine

38
Q

Building blocks of protiens

A

Amino Acids

39
Q

Synthesised from a single amino acid

A

monoamines

40
Q

ACh

A

Acetylcholine

41
Q

Most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

42
Q

Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

43
Q

Name 2 types of Monoamines

A

Catecholamines and indolamines

44
Q

Examples of Catecholamines

A

dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

45
Q

Examples of Indolamines

A

Serotonin

Melatonin

46
Q

What is the term for a substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor?

A

Agonist

47
Q

What is the term for a substance which interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another?

A

Antagonist

48
Q

Function of Acetylcholine

A

It causes the contraction of skeletal muscles and activates glandular functions in the endocrine system

49
Q

Release of a neurotransmitter

A

exocytosis

50
Q

What are the 2 types of receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

A

Ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors

51
Q

Name a catecholamine agonist.

A

Cocaine

Blocks reuptake – preventing the activity of the neurotransmitter from being “turned off”

52
Q

Name a GABA agonist

A

Benzodiazepines

Binds to the GABA molecule and increases thebinding of GABA

53
Q

Name a ACh agonist

A 
Physostigmine
inhibits Acetylcholinestrase (Ache), which breaks down Ach
54
Q

Name 2 ACh antagonists

A

Atrpopine
Binds and blocks muscarinic receptors
Many of these metabotropic receptors are in the brain
High doses disrupt memory

Curare
Bind and blocks nicotinic receptors, the ionotropic receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Causes paralysis
Treated with physostigmine

55
Q

Agonist drug that increase synthesis of dopamine

A

L-dopa

56
Q

Agonist drug the increases the release of ACh

A

Black widow spider venom

57
Q

Agonist drug that stimulates ACh receptors

A

Nicotine

58
Q

Agonist drugs that block the reuptake of dopamine

A

Amphetamines, cocaine, methyphenidate

59
Q

Antagonist drug inhibits the synthesis of serotonin

A

PCPA

60
Q

Antagonist drug that prevents storage of monoamines in vesicles

A

Reserpine

61
Q

Antagonist drug that blocks release of ACh

A

Botulinum toxin (BoTox)

62
Q

Antagonist drug that stimulates dopamines autoreceptors and inhibits the release of dopamine

A

Apomorphine

63
Q

Antagonist drug that blocks postsynaptic ACh receptors

A

Curare

64
Q

Disorder which destroys Ach

A

Myathenia Gravis

PSYC 2020 (8 decks)

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