Lecture 2 - Functional Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards
What it the CNS and what does it consist of?
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
What it the PNS and what does it do?
Peripheral Nervous System
outside the skull and spine and transmits information to and from the CNS
Nerves that go to the CNS are referred to as?
Afferent (think: advance)
Nerves that go away from the CNS are referred to as?
Efferent (think: exit)
What is SNS and what does it do?
Somatic Nervous System
interaction with the environment (outside)
What is ANS and what does it do and what are the two types of efferent nerves in it?
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates the body’s internal state (inside)
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Sympathetic nerves do what?
stimulate and organise and mobilise energy in threatening situation
Parasympathetic nerves do what?
conserves energy and cools things down
Parasympathetic nerve originate from where?
Brain and Lower Back
Sympathetic nerves originate from where?
Chest and mid-lower back
Name Cranial Nerve I and what is is related to.
Olfactory Nerve
Smell
Name Cranial Nerve II and what is is related to.
Optic Nerve
sight
Name Cranial Nerve III and what is is related to.
Occulomotor Nerve
Eye movement
Name Cranial Nerve IV and what is is related to.
Trochlear Nerve
Eye Movement
Name Cranial Nerve V and what is is related to.
Trigeminal Nerve
Facial sensations and chewing
Name Cranial Nerve VI and what is is related to.
Abducens Nerve
Eye Movement
Name Cranial Nerve VII and what is is related to.
Facial Nerve
Taste - front 2/3
Name Cranial Nerve VIII and what is is related to.
Auditory/Vestibular nerve
Hearing
Name Cranial Nerve IX and what is is related to.
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Taste - back 1/3
Name Cranial Nerve X and what is is related to.
Vagus Nerve
Gut
Name Cranial Nerve XI and what is is related to.
Spinal Accessory Nerve
neck, shoulders, head
Name Cranial Nerve XII and what is is related to.
Hypoglossal Nerve
tongue movement
Name the cranial nerves in order.
Olfactory, Optic, Occulomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Auditory/Vestibular, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accessory, Hyoglossal
Nuclei
Cluster of cells within the CNS
Tracts
Cluster of axons within the CNS
Ganglia
Cluster of cells within the PNS
Nerves
Cluster of axons in the PNS
Whats cells outnumber neurons 10:1?
Glial Cells
Name the glial cells in the CNS.
Oligodendrocytes
Name the glial cells in the PNS
Schwann Cells
Name the 4 main types of neurons
Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar and multipolar interneuron
In how many locations do nerves join the spinal cord
in pairs in 31 locations
Dorsal horn: Signals in or out?
In: from body to brain
afferent
Ventral horn: Signals in or out?
Out: From brain to body
efferent
What are the first five divisions of brain development?
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon
Telencephalon becomes…
Neocortex
Diencephalon becomes..
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Mesencephalon becomes…
Tectum and tegmentum
Metencephalon becomes…
Pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon becomes…
Medulla and reticular formation
Name three of the brain’s physical protections
Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is the brains chemical protection called?
The blood-brain barrier
Name three types of Meninges (meninx).
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Meninx
Pia Mater
Hint: Big mother, scary mother, little mother
Function of Medulla
Heart rate and breathing
function of reticular formation
role in arousal
function of pons
vital functions relay centre
function of cerebellum
sensory and motor control
cognitive
function of thalamus
relay station
What are the three parts of the thalamus?
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (vision), Medial Geniculate Nucleus (auditory), Ventro Posterior Nucleus (sensorimotor)
Function of hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland
Pituitary gland is responsible for….
lactation, stress, growth and reproduction, blood pressure
Limbic system is responsible for…
The Four F’s
Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, Fornicating
Function of Basal Ganglia
Voluntary Movement
Caudate + Putamen =
Striatum
Parkinsons is associated with the degeneration of the pathway between where?
the substantia nigra and the striatum
How many layers are in the neocortex
6
What am I? Large bodies multipolar long axon goes down and inward triangular shape
Pyramidal cell
What am I? small short/no axons transmit laterally starlike
Stellate cell
order of the parts of the limbic system
Amygdala Septum Hippocampus Cingulate Cortex Fornix Mammillary bodies
Hint: A Shepherd Has Cotton Clothes For Most Beasts
Sulci and sulcus are?
Fissures or valleys
Gyri and gyrus are?
Mounds or mountains
Purpose of folds and wrinkles on the brain?
to increase surface area or brain without increasing size
Where do visual fields cross or converge?
Optic chiasm
What is the order of Optic relay?
Nerve Chiasm Tract Lateral geniculate Nucleus optic radiation Primary Visual Cortex
What are our two hemispheres joined by?
Corpus Callosum
Define callosotomy
Severing the corpus callosum
split brain patients
